Index
abalone, 82f, 90 aboriginal people, 141 abyssal zone, 290, 299–302, 306n12, 405; catastrophe in, 144–47; fauna of, 417–18. See also deep-sea life Acanthaster planci starfish plague, 105, 118 acidification, of ocean surface layer, 449–50 Acipenser sturio (sturgeon), 266–67, 484 acorn barnacle (Chthamalus fissus), 73, 75, 77f, 80f, 91n15 acorn worms, 25, 364 acoustic-hunters, 257, 292, 294, 311, 313f, 314. See also echolocation; sound-detection acoustic reflectors, 411 Acoustic Thermometry of Ocean Climate (ATOC), 322 acoustic transponders, 324, 325 Acropora (Madrepora), 107, 116 Adams, John, 9 Agassiz, Louis, 78, 107–8, 120n40, 379–80 age distribution, in fisheries, 219–20 Age of Mammals. See Cenozoic era Agulhas Retroflection, 169 Alaskan pollock, 9 albatrosses, 35 Albatross Expedition (1947-1948), 21, 22, 377–78, 385, 386, 387, 399n6 albedo (reflectivity), 383, 384, 393, 417, 429 Albert I, prince of Monaco, 21 Aleutian Low, 167, 191, 203 alewives (Alosa), 314 Alexander Agassiz (research ship), 79 Alfred-Wegener Institute, 298 algae, 36, 39, 54, 66, 216, 226; in California Current, 186–87, 188; compensation depth and, 194; coralline symbiotic, 50, 95, 102, 104; as “grass of the sea,” 220; sunlight and, 285; toxic blooms of, 77. See also photosynthesis; primary production alkalic elements, 33 alkalinity, 456 Alleroed period, 398 Alvarez, Luis, 425, 430 Alvin, 281, 294, 361, 363, 364; hot vent fauna and, 12, 289; photographs from, 299, 306n31, 361, 370n95 American Geophysical Union, 343 American Miscellaneous Society, 410 amphipods, 80f, 303–4, 420, 484 Amundsen, Roald, 153 anchovy (Engraulis spp.) fisheries, 10, 189, 199, 214n87, 266; collapse of Peruvian, 9, 187, 205, 217 Andel, Tjeerd van, 364 Anderson, Victor C., 319 andesitic rock, 33, 344, 356, 367n40 Andrews, James, 412 anglerfish, 284 ANGUS (Acoustically Navigated Geological Undersea Surveyor), 364 annelid worm (Nereis vexillosa), 69 Antarctic area, 42, 232, 242n70; global warming and, 440; ice sheet in, 55, 373, 418, 428, 430–31; iron fertilization in, 454; krill in food web of, 235, 249, 250, 477n16; productivity of, 2, 22, 40; rainfall at rim of, 416–17; ring current around, 2, 39–40, 41f, 174–75, 415, 431, 453; silicate precipitate in, 298, 431 Anthopleura species (sea anemone), 74–75, 103; A. elegantissima , 74; A. xanthogrammica, 74 anthozoans, 80f, 110, 119n1 anthropogenic effects. See human impacts Antilles Current, 180n38 501 index Note: figures indicated by f following page number; notes indicated by n. Arctic Ocean, 17, 29n52, 428; exploration of, 153, 154; warming of, 28n34 Arctic Oscillation, 170 “arms race” effect, 305 Army Corps of Engineers, U.S., 134 Arrhenius, Gustaf, 377, 378, 387 Arrhenius, Svante, 440, 467n86 arrow worm (Sagitta bipunctata), 218f, 304, 318 Art Forms in Nature (Haeckel), 81 arthropods, 47, 48f, 484 asteroid impact, 61n46, 405–6 Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), 9, 27n10, 218. See also cod fisheries Atlantic Ocean: seashore, 37; soundings of, 19. See also North Atlantic Atlantis (research ship), 22, 156, 320, 330 Atlas of the Living Resources of the Sea (FAO), 225 atmosphere, climate change and, 449, 452 atolls, 99, 116–19, 343; Darwin’s theory of, 107, 111–12, 346, 357. See also coral reefs and atolls Australian reefs. See Great Barrier Reef Azam, Farooq, 229 azoic zone, 18, 20, 302, 306nn22–23 Azores, 345 Azores High, 170 Backus, George, 353 Backus, Richard, 294 bacteria, 364, 472; biomass of, 310n100. See also cyanobacteria bacterioplankton, 221, 228–29, 233 Bailey, R., 11 Baker, Fred and Charlotte, 24 baleen whales, 22, 245, 246f, 248f, 272n6, 428; blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus), 46, 247f, 250–51, 252, 253–54; ecological extinction of, 27n27; feeding habits of, 46, 47, 253, 255; humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae), 46, 246f, 248, 251, 252, 315–16; migration of, 253, 254; size of, 247, 250–52; sound made by, 315–16, 322; upwelling and, 420, 486; zooplankton and, 248f, 249, 250, 251 Ballard, Robert, 294 Baltic Sea, 67 Barber, Richard T., 233, 237, 363 Barham, Eric, 319 barnacles, 81, 484; acorn (Chthamalus fissus), 73, 75, 80f, 91n15; gooseneck (Pollicipes polymerus), 76, 76f, 80f Barnhardt, Percy Spencer, 196 Barron, John, 431 Barton, Otis, 280 basaltic rock, 33, 131, 355, 356, 361; gabbro, 332; in mantle , 341; plateaus, 359–60; seafloor spreading and, 342; seawater and, 34, 361, 362–63, 364; volcanism and, 32 Bascom, Willard, 134 basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus), 262 bass, striped (Morone saxatilis), 86 bathyal zone, 290, 298 bathymetry, 32, 325–26 bathypelagic realm, 280, 290, 307n37; organisms of, 281. See also deep-sea life bathyscaph, 281, 305n11, 367n29 bathysphere, 280, 305n5...
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