Ocean: Reflections on a Century of Exploration

Appendix 5: Topographic Statistics

491 Appendix Five Topographic Statistics EARTH'S SIZE AND SURFACE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE LATITUDE (⬚) (% of total area) (% water) (% of total area) (% water) 0–5 4.34 78.6 4.34 75.9 5–10 4.31 75.7 4.31 76.9 10–15 4.24 76.5 4.24 79.6 15–20 4.15 70.8 4.15 76.4 20–25 4.02 65.2 4.02 75.4 25–30 3.86 59.6 3.86 78.4 30–35 3.68 57.7 3.68 84.2 35–40 3.46 56.8 3.46 93.4 40–45 3.22 51.2 3.22 96.4 45–50 2.96 43.8 2.96 97.5 50–55 2.665 40.7 2.665 98.5 55–60 2.355 45.0 2.355 99.9 60–65 2.025 31.2 2.025 99.7 65–70 1.68 28.7 1.68 79.5 70–75 1.32 65.5 1.32 38.6 75–80 0.95 77.1 0.95 10.7 80–85 0.575 85.2 0.575 0.0 85–90 0.19 100.0 0.19 0.0 Total 50 60.7 50 80.9 Note: The Earth’s surface comprises 361.059 million square kilometers of ocean and sea (70.8 percent of the total area) and 148.892 million square kilometers of land (29.2 percent). 492 A P P E N D I X F I V E AREA, VOLUME, AND MEAN DEPTH OF OCEAN BASINS AND SOME SEAS AREA VOLUME MEAN DEPTH GEOGRAPHIC UNIT (million km2 ) (million km3 ) (m) Atlantic Ocean 82.44 323.6 3,926 With adjacent seas 106.46 354.7 3,332 Pacific Ocean 165.25 707.6 4,282 With adjacent seas 179.68 723.7 4,028 Indian Ocean 73.44 291.0 3,963 With adjacent seas 74.92 291.9 3,897 Arctic Ocean 14.09 17.0 1,205 Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico 4.32 9.57 2,216 Mediterranean and Black seas 2.97 4.24 1,429 Hudson Bay 1.23 0.16 128 Bering Sea 2.27 0.69 1,437 Okhotsk Sea 1.53 3.26 838 Japan Sea 1.01 1.36 1,350 East China Sea 1.25 0.24 188 All oceans and seas 361.06 1,370.32 3,795 AREA OF DEPTH ZONES IN THE OCEANS (IN PERCENT, REFLECTING BENTHIC HABITAT) DEPTH ZONE (m) ATLANTIC OCEAN PACIFIC OCEAN INDIAN OCEAN ALL OCEANS 0–200 13.3 5.7 4.2 7.6 200–1,000 7.1 3.1 3.1 4.3 1,000–2,000 5.3 3.9 3.4 4.2 2,000–3,000 8.8 5.2 7.4 6.8 3,000–4,000 18.5 18.5 24.0 19.6 4,000–5,000 25.8 35.2 38.1 33.0 5,000–6,000 20.6 26.6 19.4 23.3 6,000–7,000 0.6 1.6 0.4 1.1 ⬎7,000 ⬍.1 0.2 ⬍0.1 0.1 GREATEST DEPTHS IN THE OCEAN BASINS AND SOME SEAS Note: All values are approximate because of uncertainties in estimating sound velocity; sources commonly disagree. Also note that rough estimates measured in steps of hundreds of meters can acquire spurious precision when converted to feet. pacific ocean: Marianas Trench (Challenger Deep), 10,915 m (35,810 ft); Tonga Trench, 10,850 m (35,600 ft); Kuril-Kamchatka Trench, 10,500 m (34,400 ft); Philippine Trench (near Cape Johnson Deep), 10,200 m (33,500 ft); Kermadec Trench, 10,050 (33,000 ft); Japan Trench (Ramapo Deep), 9,700 m (32,000 ft); New Hebrides Trench, 9,165 m (30,070 ft); Peru-Chile Trench, 8,055 m (26,430 ft); Aleutian Trench, ca. 7,700 m (25,000 ft); Middle America Trench, 6,660 m (21,900 ft) atlantic ocean: Puerto Rico Trench, 8,400 m (27,600 ft); South Sandwich Trench, 9,300 m (30,500 ft) indian ocean: Java Trench, 7,450 m (24,440 ft) arctic ocean: Pole Abyssal Plain, 4,660 m (15,300 ft) caribbean sea: Cayman Trench, 7,680 m (25,200 ft) mediterranean: Hellenic Trough, 5,090 m (16,700 ft) SOURCES H. U. Sverdrup, M.W. Johnson...