Malformed Frogs: The Collapse of Aquatic Ecosystems

Index

265 index acidification, 107, see also pH Acris crepitans, northern cricket frogs, 20, 39, 40, 79, 81 aerial deposition, atmospheric deposition , 200 agricultural chemicals, 97, 98, 105, 108, 109, 133, 134, 182, 188, 191, 197 Ambystoma gracile, northwestern salamanders , 142 Ambystoma laterale, blue-spotted salamanders , complex, 89 Ambystoma macrodactylum, long-toed salamanders, 145, 163, 164 Ambystoma mexicanum, axolotls, 144 amelia, 22–36, 80, 105, 108, 113, 116, 118, 121, 122, 134–137, 139, 146, 150, 153, 156–160, 162, 193 amniotic banding syndrome (ABS)/constriction band syndrome, 186–188 amputation, 135; see also predation, failed anomalie P, 105, 106 anteversion, corkscrew-shaped limbs, 69, 128 aquaculture, 27, 32, 80, 97, 98 aquazine, 80, 97, 98; see also herbicides arthrogryposis (bent bones), 9, 39, 47, 57–61, 69, 73, 102, 106, 185 atrazine, 141, 142; see also herbicides Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (chytrid fungus), 21 birds, predation, 18, 135, 146, 155 BLO site, Minnesota, 53, 87, 95, 97, 167, 169, 170, 172, 173 bloat, 9, 22, 78, 79, 144 bony triangles, see taumelia Bufo americanus, American toads, 20, 43, 88, 89, 90, 94, 95, 132, 136, 154, 155, 164, 165, 170, 171, 190 Bufo arenarum, South American toads, 144 Bufo boreas, western toads, 119, 132, 140, 152–157, 160, 162, 174 Bufo fowleri, Fowler’s toads, 144 Bufo melanosticus, black-spined toads,142 Bufo punctatus, red-spotted toads, 144 Bufo sp., toads, 12, 155 bufodienolides, 155, 157, 164 cancer, 190, 192; carcinogens, 191; cluster, 190 cattle, 87, 91, 197, 198, 201 CBA site, Minnesota, 87, 92, 93, 107, 170, 172, 173 chemical contamination/xenobiotics, 21, 33, 34, 108, 141–145, 182, 183, 188, 197–199, 201; see aldoxycarb, 142; bisphenol A, 142; diphenylamine , 142; industrial waste, 108; lathyrogens, 106; permethrin, 142; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 138; propylthiourea, 142; see also agricultural chemicals, anomalie P, aquazine, atrazine, carcinogens, endocrine disruptors, eutrophication , fungicides, herbicides, insecticides , metals, pollution, retinoic acid, runoff, toxins chromosomal damage, chromosomal aberrations, abnormalities, syndromes , 6, 8, 74, 144–145, 180, 181, 188, 191–194, 201; clastogens, 193; see also mutagens, teratogenic agents chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis , 21 congenital anomalies, human, 5, 6, 8, 118, 119, 179–190, 192, 194; achondrogenesis , 185; achondroplasia, dwarfism, 119, 182, 185; cleft lip/palate, 77, 119, 180, 187, 193 cutaneous fusions, skin webbing, 22, 56, 57, 128, 150, 152–154, 156, 158, 159, 170, 184 dead zone, 197 density effects, 106 disease/pathogens, 8, 106, 129–132, 162 echinostomes, see trematode parasites ectrodactyly (missing fingers/toes), 22, 143, 150, 152, 153, 158, 159 ectromely (missing limb segments), 22, 28, 36–48, 52, 61, 69, 73, 81, 82, 99, 105, 106, 108, 110, 113, 120, 128, 129, 134–137, 143, 146, 148, 150, 152, 153, 157–159, 170, 193 endocrine disruptors, 8, 183, 188, 194 epigenetic, 8, 9, 186, 193 erosion, 88, 91, 92, 199 eutrophication, 190, 196–201 eye/orbit malformations, 15, 18–22, 104, 108, 128, 139, 142, 150, 153, 158, 173, 180 fertilizers, 98, 108, 197, 198, see also nutrients fishes, introduced predatory, 90, 97, 136, 155, 162; Amieurus sp. (bullheads ), 90; Anguilla sp. (eels), 106; Culaea inconstans (brook sticklebacks ), 91, 93; excrement, 105, 106; Fundulus diaphanous (banded killifish), 109; Lepomis sp. (sunfish), 91; Pimephales promelas (fathead minnows), 90, 91; Umbra lima (mudminnows), 93; Stizostedion vitreum (walleye), 27; Tinca sp. (tench), 106 fungicides, 108, 143, 144; chloranil, 143; dichlone, 143; maneb, 142, 143; tributyltin oxide, 144 Gastrophryne carolinensis, eastern narrowmouthed toads, 143, 144 genetic/hereditary factors, 7, 8, 9, 107, 110, 130, 139, 144, 145, 182–185, 191, 193–195 global warming/climate change, 138 hemimely/brachymely (shortened limbs), 22, 28, 29, 42–44, 46, 47, 50–53, 56–58, 65, 66, 69, 105–108, 152, 158, 170, 184–187 herbicides, 79, 108, 143; diuron, 143; Oust, 80; paraquat, 143; Pendulum, 266 index 80; Sonar, 79; Stinger, 80; see also aquazine, atrazine hormones, hormonal signaling processes, 151, 183 hotspots, 5, 8, 21, 25, 77, 85–104, 119–125, 129, 134, 137, 138, 141, 164, 170, 172, 173, 196, 197, 200; BUR site, 87, 93, 94, 164, 166, 167, 170, 172, 173; CTG site, 87, 89, 94, 95, 155, 164–166, 170–173; CWB site, 34, 52, 56, 57, 60, 63–65, 67, 68, 70–72, 74, 87, 90, 91, 97, 116, 140, 167, 168, 170, 172, 173, 176, 197, 198, 201; DOR site, 87, 170–173; FGC site, 40; GEL site, 87, 170, 172, 173; HIB site, 87, 94, 96, 170–173; HYD site...