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both sides now Wells_FM 10/3/08 2:13 PM Page i The George Gund Foundation has endowed this imprint to advance understanding of the history, culture, and current issues of African Americans. Wells_FM 10/3/08 2:13 PM Page ii [3.236.219.157] Project MUSE (2024-03-29 02:25 GMT) Both Sides Now The Story of School Desegregation’s Graduates amy stuart wells jennifer jellison holme anita tijerina revilla awo korantemaa atanda u n i v e r s i t y o f c a l i f o r n i a p r e s s Berkeley Los Angeles London Wells_FM 10/3/08 2:13 PM Page iii University of California Press, one of the most distinguished university presses in the United States, enriches lives around the world by advancing scholarship in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences. Its activities are supported by the UC Press Foundation and by philanthropic contributions from individuals and institutions. For more information, visit www.ucpress.edu. The epigraph is credited as follows: Both Sides, Now Words and Music by joni mitchell© 1967 (Renewed) crazy crow music. All Rights Administered by sony/atv music publishing, 8 Music Square West, Nashville, tn 37203. All Rights Reserved. Used by Permission of alfred publishing co., inc. University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California University of California Press, Ltd. London, England© 2009 by The Regents of the University of California Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Both sides now : the story of school desegregation’s graduates / Amy Stuart Wells . . . [et al.]. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 978-0-520-25677-4 (cloth : alk. paper) isbn 978-0-520-25678-1 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. School integration—United States—Case studies. 2. Minority high school students—United States—Case studies. I. Wells, Amy Stuart, 1961–. LC214.2.B68 2009 379.2’630973—dc22 2008026056 Manufactured in the United States of America 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is printed on Natures Book, which contains 50% post-consumer waste and meets the minimum requirements of ansi/niso z39.48–1992 (r 1997) (Permanence of Paper). Wells_FM 10/3/08 2:13 PM Page iv [3.236.219.157] Project MUSE (2024-03-29 02:25 GMT) The publisher gratefully acknowledges the generous support of the African American Studies Endowment Fund of the University of California Press Foundation, which was established by a major gift from the George Gund Foundation. Wells_FM 10/3/08 2:13 PM Page v For Trevor, Katie, Anna, Anthony, Destiny, Rae Ana, Michael Anthony, Michael K., and Jacob—our next generation. May you all see from both sides and not become disillusioned. For the community members, educators, and class of 1980 graduates from the places of both sides—we have tried to do justice to your story in the hope that others can understand the complexity of your experiences and resist the urge to simplify the lessons learned from school desegregation in the United States. Wells_FM 10/3/08 2:13 PM Page vi [3.236.219.157] Project MUSE (2024-03-29 02:25 GMT) But now old friends are acting strange They shake their heads, they say I’ve changed Well something’s lost, but something’s gained In living every day. I’ve looked at life from both sides now From win and lose and still somehow It’s life’s illusions I recall I really don’t know life at all. Joni Mitchell Wells_FM 10/3/08 2:13 PM Page vii Wells_FM 10/3/08 2:13 PM Page viii ...