Notes
Notes 177 Introduction 1. Michel-Rolph Trouillot, “The Perspective of the World: Globalization Then and Now,” in Beyond Dichotomies: Histories, Identities, Cultures, and the Challenge of Globalization, ed. E. Mudimbe-Boyi (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 2002), 6–7. 2. Frederick Cooper, “What Is the Concept of Globalization Good For? An African Historian’s Perspective,” African Affairs 100 (2001): 189–213. As J. Lorand Matory suggests, we should not allow descriptions of contemporary globalization “to reduce the past to a one-dimensional foil”; see Black Atlantic Religion: Tradition, Transnationalism, and Matriarchy in the Afro-Brazilian Candomblé (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005), 9. 3. Benjamin Barber, Jihad vs. McWorld: How Globalism and Tribalism Are Reshaping the World (New York: Ballantine Books, 1995); Thomas Friedman, The Lexus and the Olive Tree: Understanding Globalization (New York: Anchor Books, 2000); Samuel Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997); Bernard Lewis, What Went Wrong? The Clash Between Islam and Modernity in the Middle East (New York: Harper Perennial, 2002). Mahmood Mamdani terms these reflections on incommensurate differences “culture talk”; see Good Muslim, Bad Muslim: America, the Cold War, and the Roots of Terror (New York: Random House, 2004). 4. Martin Lewis and Kären Wigen, The Myth of Continents: A Critique of Metageography (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1997). 5. Michel Foucault, Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings , 1972–1977, ed. C. Gordon (New York: Pantheon, 1980); Michel RolphTrouillot , Silencing the Past: Power and the Production of History (Boston: Bea- con Press, 1995); Arif Dirlik, Postmodernity’s Histories: The Past as Legacy and Project (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2000). 6. Seteney Shami suggests that excavating alternative pasts is an important intellectual exercise because it allows us to challenge the “teleological certainty” of the present; see “Prehistories of Globalization: Circassian Identities in Motion,” Public Culture 12, no. 1 (2000): 177–204. For thoughtful critiques of the discourse of globalization, see Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, “Cultural Talks in the Hot Peace: Revisiting the ‘Global Village,’” in Cosmopolitics: Thinking and Feeling Beyond the Nation, ed. Pheng Cheah and Bruce Robbins (Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press, 1998), 329; and Richard Kilminster, “Globalization as an Emergent Concept,” in The Limits of Globalization, ed. Alan Scott (London: Routledge, 1997), 257–83; James Mittelman, Whither Globalization? The Vortex of Knowledge and Ideology (London: Routledge, 2005). 7. Thus, this book responds to Anna Tsing’s charge to study the landscape of circulation as well as the flow; see “The Global Situation,” Current Anthropology 15, no. 3 (2000): 346–47. 8. Maghan Keita argues that Africa’s importance to global history remains underestimated; see “Africa and the Construction of a Grand Narrative in World History,” in Across Cultural Boundaries: Historiography in Global Perspective, ed. E. Fuchs and B. Stuchtey (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2002), 285–308. 9. Steven Feierman, “African Histories and the Dissolution of World History ,” in Africa and the Disciplines: Contributions of Research in Africa to the Social Sciences and the Humanities, ed. Robert H. Bates, V. Y. Mudimbe, and Jean O’Barr (University of Chicago Press, 1993), 167–212; Joseph C. Miller, “History and Africa/Africa and History,” American Historical Review 104, no.1 (1999): 1–32. 10. Walter Rodney, How Europe Underdeveloped Africa (Washington, DC: Howard University Press, 1989); Edward Alpers, Ivory and Slaves in East Central Africa (London: Heinemann, 1975); Abdul Sheriff, Slaves, Spices, and Ivory in Zanzibar (London: James Currey, 1987). 11. Nicholas Thomas frames the argument this way: “Exchange relations demand closer scrutiny if they are in fact the origins of subsequent exploitation and asymmetry.” See “The Cultural Dynamics of Peripheral Exchange,” in Barter, Exchange and Value: An Anthropological Approach, ed. C. Humphrey and S. Hugh-Jones (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 23. 12. Africa’s production for world markets has been the focus of most studies of precolonial African economic history. See, in addition to the works listed in note 10, A. G. Hopkins, An Economic History of West Africa (New York: Columbia University Press, 1973); Immanuel Wallerstein, “The Three Stages of African Involvement in the World-Economy,” in The Political Economy of Contemporary Africa, ed. Peter Gutkind and Immanuel Wallerstein (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1976), 35–63; J. Forbes Munro, Africa and the International Economy, 1800–1960 (Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield, 1976); D. Crummey and C. Stewart, eds., Modes of Production in Africa: The Precolonial Era (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1981); Ralph Austen, African Economic History...
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