A Critical History of Early Rome: From Prehistory to the First Punic War

Contents

list of tables and illustrations / ix acknowledgments / xi dedication / xiii abbreviations / xv foreword / 1 1. Italy in Prehistory / 7 The Land and its Linguistic Diversity / 7 Modern Archaeology and Prehistory / 12 Prehistoric Italy / 14 The Ice Man / 18 The Bronze and Iron Ages / 20 Ancient Languages and Modern Archaeology / 26 2. Archaic Italy c. 800–500 B.C. / 28 Phoenicians in the West / 29 Greek Colonization in the West / 31 The Formation of Etruscan Civilization / 36 Phoenicians, Greeks, and Etruscans / 41 Growth and Decline of Etruscan Civilization / 46 The Alphabet / 51 The Archaeology of Early Latium / 53 3. The Ancient Sources for Early Roman History / 59 The Annalistic Tradition / 60 The Antiquarian Tradition / 64 Livy and Dionysius of Halicarnassus / 66 Cicero and Diodorus Siculus / 68 Ancient Documentary Sources / 69 Roman Oral Tradition and Greek Myth / 74 contents 4. Rome During the Regal Period / 78 The Nature of the Evidence / 78 The Site of Rome / 80 The Archaeology of Early Rome / 82 The Ancient Literary Tradition / 93 Archaic Roman Institutions / 108 Rome’s Growth and Expanding Horizons / 115 5. Archaic Roman Religion / 125 Some Important Roman Divinities / 126 The Official Religious Calendar / 129 The Religious Priesthoods / 135 Roman Religious Practices and Ideology / 143 6. The Beginning of the Roman Republic / 147 How Did The Monarchy End? / 147 The Nature and Origin of the Consulship / 150 The Early Consular Fasti / 155 Patricians and Plebeians / 157 Senators, Patricians, and Priests / 167 The Plebeian Tribunate / 170 The Tribal and Other Assemblies / 177 Rome and the Latins / 183 Sp. Cassius, the Fabii, and the Cremera / 192 Clan Warfare and the Lapis Satricanus / 198 7. Rome of the Twelve Tables / 201 The Trial of K. Quinctius / 204 Appius Herdonius and Quinctius Cincinnatus / 205 Facts and Fictions of the Plebeian Tribunate / 207 The Decemviral Legislation / 209 Jurisdiction in Early Roman Law / 211 Litigation and Orality in Early Roman Law / 213 Society and Economy / 216 The Second Board of Decemvirs / 222 The Prohibition of Intermarriage / 225 The Second Secession and the Valerian Horatian Laws / 230 8. Evolution and Growth of the Roman State, 444–367 B.C. / 234 The Military Tribunes with Consular Power / 234 The Sedition of Sp. Maelius / 239 The War Against Fidenae / 241 The War Against Veii / 246 The Gallic Catastrophe and Its Aftermath / 251 The Sedition of M. Manlius Capitolinus / 259 The Licinian Sextian Laws / 262 9. Rome’s Rise to Dominance, 366–300 B.C. / 268 The Emergence of the Roman Nobility / 268 Tibur, Gauls, Greeks, and Carthage / 277 vi contents The Samnites and the First Samnite War / 281 The Latin War and its Consequences / 289 The Second Samnite War / 292 The Philinus Treaty / 311 Other Significant Changes in the Roman State / 312 Roman Factional Politics / 321 10. Rome’s Conquest and Unification of Italy, 299–264 B.C. / 324 The Third Samnite War / 324 Early Roman Coinage / 336 Military Ethos and Aristocratic Family Tradition / 340 Domestic and Foreign Affairs during the 280s B.C. / 344 The Pyrrhic War / 349 The Roman Organization of Italy / 358 Some Final Assessments / 366 appendix: early roman chronology / 369 works cited / 371 index / 391 contents vii This page intentionally left blank ...