Backlash against Welfare Mothers: Past and Present

Appendix 2: Variables and Data Sources Used in Quantitative Analysis

Appendix 2 Variables and Data Sources Used in Quantitative Analysis 210 dependent Variable and Its Measure Restrictive Program. Coded 1 if state had an employment requirement in 1959 or adopted a new or more restrictive suitable home policy between 1949 and 1960; coded 0 otherwise. Sources: Federal Security Agency, Social Security Administration, Bureau of Public Assistance, Characteristics of State Public Assistant Plans (Washington , D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1959); Winifred Bell, Aid to Dependent Children (New York: Columbia University Press, 1965); State Legislative Records. Independent Variables and Their Measures 1. Importance of Agricultural Capitalism to State’s Economy Agricultural Labor Demand. Coded 1 if state was above the top quartile for “percent large farms” and above the bottom quartile for the percentage of the female labor force age fourteen and over employed in agriculture, 1950; coded 0 otherwise. Note: other break points were also tried and similar results, as reported in Table 3, were obtained. Sources: Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, United States Census of Agriculture: 1954, vol. 2, General Report (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1956); Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1950 Census of the Population, vol. 2, Characteristics of the Population (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1952), table 79. Percentage Large Farms. Percentage of farms that reported ten or more hired workers in 1950. Source: Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 1956. United States Census of Agriculture: 1954, Volume II: General Report. Washington , D.C.: Government Printing Office. 2. Racial Context Percentage of ADC Population Black. Percentage of ADC recipients in 1948 who were black. Percentage of ADC Population Nonwhite. Percentage of ADC recipients in 1948 who were nonwhite. Source: Elizabeth Alling and Agnes Leisy, Aid to Dependent Children in a Postwar Year: Characteristics of Families Receiving ADC, June 1948 (Washington, D.C.: Federal Security Agency, Social Security Administration , 1950). Percentage of Population Black. Percentage of total population in 1950 who were black. Source: Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1950 Census of the Population, vol. 2, Characteristics of the Population (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1952). 3. State Fiscal Capacity Per Capita Income. Per capita income in dollars in 1950. Source: Department of Commerce, U.S. Income and Output (Washington , D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1958). 4. Working-Class Mobilization Percentage of Labor Force Organized. Percentage of labor force that belonged to a labor union in 1953. Source: Leo Troy and Neil Sheflin, U.S. Union Sourcebook: Membership, Finances, Structure, Directory, 1st ed. (West Orange, NJ: Industrial Relations Data Information Services, 1985), table 7.2. Strike Rate. Percentage of nonagricultural workers who were involved in a work stoppage in 1953. Sources: Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Analysis of Work Stoppages, 1953: Major Developments and Annual Statistics, Bulletin no. 1163 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1954), Table 6: Appendix 2 / 211 Work Stoppages by State, 1953; Leo Troy and Neil Sheflin, U.S. Union Sourcebook: Membership, Finances, Structure, Directory, 1st ed. (West Orange, NJ: Industrial Relations Data Information Services, 1985), tables 7.1 and 7.2. 5. Institutional Strength of Children’s Bureau Children’s Bureau. Coded 1 if the state had a Children’s Bureau office in 1949; coded 0 otherwise. Source: Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Standards, Labor Offices in the United States and Canada (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1949). 6. Degree of Rural Overrepresentation in State Legislature Index of Legislative Representation. This index is computed for the whole legislature; it was “computed by simply adding the minimum population percentage that can elect a majority of each house—a procedure that gives equal weight to each house and produces an index on an approximate scale of 100.This the result of the fact that a figure of 50 percent for either house in the underlying calculations is an indication of near perfection, from a mathematical point of view, in giving representation in that house,” p. 6. Note: the smaller the number, the more urban and suburban areas are underrepresented and rural areas are overrepresented in 1955. Source: Paul T. David and Ralph Eisenberg, Devaluation of the Urban and Suburban Vote: A Statistical Investigation of Long-Term Trends in State Legislative Representation (Charlottesville: University of Virginia, 1961), table 4. 7. Strength of Nonsouthern Democrats in State Legislature Majority Legislature Liberal. Coded 1 if state legislature had a majority of state legislators that were nonsouthern Democrats in 1948. Source: National Governors...