Blood and Belief: The Circulation of a Symbol between Jews and Christians

Index

281 Index Aaron, 85 Abraham: circumcision of, 71–72, 89; God’s covenant with, 195 Abrams, Daniel, 91 Adam: as German, 151; Israel as, 110; Jews as descendants of, 197–98; Virgin Mary compared to, 102 Adam and Eve story, 92–93, 180 adultery, 28, 29, 101 Aelred of Rievaulx, 85 Aeschylus, 16–17 Africa, blood theft in, 1 Ahad Haam, 194 akedah (Isaac’s binding), 71 Akkadians, 10 Alger of Liege, 84 Also sprach Zarathustra (Nietzsche), 8 altars: blood as purifier of, 40–41; defilement of, 217n12; goat worship and, 23–24; in Greek vs. Israelite religions, 26; for meat slaughter, 219–20n43; slaughter on, as sexual, 28 Ambrose (church father), 58–59 Amorites, 182 anal bleeding, 105 Anat (Canaanite goddess), 10 Andersen, Hans Christian, 171 Andree, Richard, 145, 147 animal rights ethics, 19, 127, 210 animal slaughter: blood libel conflated with, 127–29; first altars for, 219– 20n43; homicide vs., 17–19; priestly power and, 27–28; secular, 10, 14–15; vegetarianism vs., 89, 148 anointment, blood used in, 40–41 Ansky, S., 122 antinomianism, 61 Antioch, 67 Antiochus Epiphanes, 77 Antisemite and Jew (Sartre), 162 anti-Semitism: apologetics as response to, 169–70; blood libel revival and, 129; dialectical trajectory of, 157–58; Jewish bloodthirstiness and, 134; Jewish converts to Christianity and, 6–7; Jewish identity and, 162–63; Jews/blood associated in, 7; nineteenth-century, 154; 282 Index anti-Semitism (continued) post-Holocaust, 158–61; racial, 180, 211; “redemptive,” 155; scholarly legitimacy given to, 141, 144, 160. See also Nazism anti-Zionism, 161, 187, 199 apocalypse, 117, 150, 154–55, 198 apologetics, 169–70 Arabs: blood covenant of, 41; blood libel and, 159–60; Palestinian, 159–60, 209; sexual prohibitions of, 221n63 Aristotle, 33 Arnold, Gottfried, 149 Artemis (Greek goddess), 33 Aryan Nation, 160 Ashkenazic Jewry: blood of the martyrs and, 120–22; circumcision and, 98; eschatology of, 82; gender equality among, 120–21; genetic makeup of, 208–9, 254n92, 259n14; intermarriage and, 147, 183; as non-Semitic, 161; Portuguese Jewish discrimination against, 95; sexual prohibitions of, 110 assimilation, 189 Astour, Michael, 24 atonement: blood of the covenant and, 54, 55–56, 63–64, 73–74, 227n56; blood sacrifices and, 18, 39, 49; Christ’s blood and, 226n34; circumcision and, 71, 218n25; goat worship and, 24–25; martyrdom and, 77 Attis, cult of, 41, 79–80 Auerbach, Elias, 182–83 Augustine, Saint, 61, 75–76, 229n94 Austria-Hungary, 129. See also TiszaEszl ár (Austria-Hungary), ritualmurder case in Avery, Oswald T., 207 Avineri, Shlomo, 176 Azriel of Gerona, 233n31 Baal (Canaanite god), 10, 23, 219n28 Baal Shem Tov, Israel, 169 Babylonia, 46 Babylonian Talmud, 64, 68–69, 73 Bacchae (Euripides), 24–25, 26 Balaam (sorcerer), 71 bamot (altars), 23–24, 26 baptism, Christian, 46; circumcision vs., 96–98, 104; coerced, 96–97; as genderequal , 103; menstrual blood vs., 104 baptism in blood: in Book of a Hundred Chapters, 157; Christ’s blood and, 73–74, 86–87; Holocaust as, 206; as initiation ritual, 46, 50, 75–76; martyrdom as, 46, 75–76, 229n94 Bar Kokhba War, 72, 77 Barkun, Michael, 160 Batnitsky, Leora, 257nn156,163, 258n165 Becket, Thomas, 100 Beilis ritual-murder trial, 167 ben niddah (son of menstruous woman), 5, 119 Beraita de-Masekhet Niddah, 91–92, 103 Berdichevsky, Micha Yosef, 191 Bergmann, Karl, 140–41 Bernard of Clairvaux, 85 bestiality, 29 Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jews), 210–11, 225n12 Beweismaterial gegen Jahwe (Fritsch), 145 Bewer, Max, 149–50 Bialik, Hayim Nahman, 191, 198–99 Bible, Hebrew. See Israelites, ancient; priestly religion; entries for individual books biryonim (terrorists/hooligans), 191 Bischoff, Erich, 132–35, 136, 174, 175, 243nn26,30–31, 243–44n32 Bistritsky, Nathan, 190–91 Bitanya commune (Palestine), 189–90 Black Death, 117 bleeding, 101, 125 Bloch, Chajim, 173–75, 179, 201 Bloch, Joseph, 130, 131, 169–70, 174 blood: in anointment, 40–41; blood theft, 1–2; control of, and power, 8, 20, 84; gender and, 5–6, 39; as marker of difference, 6–7, 32, 81, 110–11. See also Christ, blood of; Index 283 Christianity; Leviticus; priestly religion; rabbinic Judaism blood community: biblical definition of, 212; blood libel and, 176–77, 205–6; blood of the covenant and, 42–43, 182, 212; community of experience vs., 185; genetics and, xii, 211–12; intermarriage and, 204–5; in Jewish-Christian discourse, 3; in nationalist discourse, 43, 162, 181, 211; procreation as basis of, 201–5; Rosenzweig...