Army of Shadows: Palestinian Collaboration with Zionism, 1917–1948

Notes

Notes 2 6 9 ABBREVIATIONS CID Criminal Investigations Department (of the British police in Palestine) CZA Central Zionist Archives (Jerusalem) HA Haganah Archives (Tel Aviv) IDFA Israel Defense Forces Archives (Ramat Gan) ISA Israel State Archives (Jerusalem). ISA holds documents of the Mandatory government in Palestine and what are called “Arab abandoned documents,” that is, files of the Higher Arab Committee , the Supreme Muslim Council, and private law firms of Palestinian Arabs, all captured during the 1948 war. OHD-HU Oral History Division, Harman Institute of Contemporary Jewry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem. This collection contains hitherto classified interviews (conducted in the late 1960s and early 1970s) with Zionist activists involved in purchasing land from Arabs in the Mandate period. PRO Public Record Office (London) INTRODUCTION 1. See General Ismail Safwat to Jamil Mardam Bey, “A Brief Report on the Situation in Palestine and a Comparison between the Forces . . . ,” dated 23 March 1948, in Walid Khalidi, “Selected Documents on the 1948 Palestine War,” Journal of Palestine Studies, vol. 27, no. 3 (1998): 64–65; Avraham Sela, “HaAravim ha-Falastinim be-Milhemet 1948” [The Palestinian Arabs in the 1948 War], in Moshe Maoz and B. Z. Kedar, eds., Ha-Tnu‘ah ha-Leumit ha-Falastinit: Me-Imut le-Hashlama? [The Palestinian National Movement: From Conflict to Reconciliation?] (Tel Aviv, 1996), 191 (in Hebrew). 2. See, e.g., René de Chambrun, Pierre Laval: Traitor or Patriot? (New York, 1984); Herbert R. Lottman, Pétain: Hero or Traitor (New York, 1985); W. O. Maloba, “Collaborator and/or Nationalist?” review of Koinange-wa-Mabiyu, Mau-Mau Misunderstood Leader by Jeff Koinange, in Journal of African His- tory, vol. 42 (2001): 527–529; Grant Goodman, “Aurelio Alvero: Traitor or Patriot?” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, vol. 2, no. 1 (1996): 95–103; David Littlejohn, The Patriotic Traitors (London, 1972). 3. Ron Dudai and Hillel Cohen, “Triangle of Betrayal: Collaborators and Transitional Justice in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict,” Journal of Human Rights, vol. 6, no. 1 (2007): 37–58. 4. Zachary Lockman, Comrades and Enemies: Arab and Jewish Workers in Palestine, 1906–1948 (Berkeley, 1996), 367. 5. Ted Swedenburg, Memories of Revolt: The 1936–1939 Rebellion and the Palestinian National Past (Minneapolis, 1998), chap. 5. 6. Issa Khalaf, Politics in Palestine: Arab Factionalism and Social Disintegration 1939–1948 (Albany, 1991). 7. Ibid., 247. 1. UTOPIA AND ITS COLLAPSE 1. Undated cable, signed by Hasan Shukri and others, CZA S25/10301. This file contains similar cables from Nazareth, Ramla, Beisan Valley, and villages in the Jerusalem area. 2. [Zionist Executive in Palestine] to the Executive of the World Zionist Organization, budget proposal, 5 May 1920, CZA Z4/2800. 3. The National Committee to Ussishkin, 4 May 1920; Maloul to [Jewish] National Committee, 27 February 1920, CZA L4/999. For a broader discussion, see Yosef Gorni, Zionism and the Arabs, 1882–1948 (Oxford, 1987), pt. 2; Lockman, Comrades and Enemies, 58–62, argues that the denial of the existence of Arab nationalism in Palestine aimed to neutralize the tension between the humanistic and socialist self-image of the Jewish settlers of the second aliya (wave of immigration) and their actual activity. On the other side of the Zionist political map stood Ze’ev Jabotinsky, who was among the first Zionists to acknowledge the existence of Arab national sentiments—and the movement—in Palestine. 4. [Kalvarisky to the Zionist Executive, undated], CZA S25/665. 5. The opposition came from both the landowners of the first aliya—for national reasons—and David Ben-Gurion and other members of socialist parties, who opposed cooperating with the effendis and believed in the need to ally with fellahin and workers. 6. Yehoshua Porath, The Emergence of the Palestinian-Arab National Movement : 1918–1929 (London, 1974), 147–158. 7. Al-Mubashir claimed that he convinced the majority of the voters to support participation in the elections, and Shahin reported that the mayor, mufti, and Muslim court judge of Hebron held public meetings in which they announced their opposition to the elections; see al-Mubashir to Maloul, 22 October 1922, Shahin to Maloul, 13 November 1922, CZA J1/291. 8. The continuation of the activity is evident from correspondence between Zionist officials and Shukri, ‘Abdin, and others throughout 1924–25; see CZA S25/517, 518, J91/291. In this period there were repeated disagreements about payments. 2 7 0 / N O T E S T O PA G E S 6 – 2 0 9...