ABC districts (São Paulo), 40, 59, 129, 170, 211, 246n37 ABCD industrial belt (São Paulo), 19, 93, 181 abortion, 25, 68, 73, 124, 150, 159, 251n16 Abramo, Lélia, 41 Abreu, Hugo de, 32 Aços Villares. See Villares Acre (Amazon state): and 2006 elections, 201–2; and environmental issues, 79, 142, 144, 237n14; governorship of, 202, 237n14, 251n9; and PT, 56, 58, 93, 96, 237n14, 245n25, 251n9. See also Mendes, Chico “Aerolula” (presidential plane), 242n16 Africa: and G8 meetings, 112, 242n19; and Lula’s domestic policy, 131, 143; and Lula’s international policy, 88, 111–13, 153–54, 160–62, 222; and slave trade, 8–9, 154; and United Nations, 161–62 African culture in Brazil, 130. See also black Brazilians African National Congress, 89 Afro-Brazilians. See black Brazilians agrarian reform: and Goulart as president , 15, 65; and Lula as president, 124, 127, 138–45, 211, 220, 245n25; and military regime, 33, 46; and PT, 57, 68–69, 72–74, 78, 92–93, 237n7. See also MST agribusinesses, 138, 140–41 agricultural estates (latifúndios), 74, 138 agricultural production: and 2006 elections , 191, 206; and coroneis (local landowners), 9, 211; and debt peonage , 131–32, 244n8; and Lula’s economic policy, 169–71, 174; and Lula’s youth, 2, 9, 14; and military regime, 55. See also agrarian reform agricultural subsidies (U.S. and European), 115, 163, 171, 174–75 agriculture, small-scale, 2, 93–94, 127, 138 AI-5 (Institutional Act), 17–19 AIDS, 148, 159 aircraft industry, 164, 242n16 Alagoas, 76, 80, 98, 203, 239n9 Alckmin, Geraldo, 117, 121–22, 124–25, 135, 197–207, 219, 226, 250n3, 251nn9-11 Alckmin, Maria Lúcia (“Lu”), 200 alcoholism, 4–5, 7, 38 alcohol use, 69, 119, 197, 226 Alencar, José, 99, 107, 110, 125, 150, 196, 240n28, 243n33 Allende, Salvador, 89 259 INDEX Amann, Edmund, 171 Amapá, 201 Amazonia: and 2006 elections, 205, 208; and Catholic Church, 66, 140; and debt peonage, 131–32; and deforestation , 94, 138, 140–44, 152, 245nn24, 28–30; and hydroelectric energy, 33, 65; and Lula as president, 138, 140, 149; and military regime, 30–31, 33; and PT, 56, 58, 79, 237n14 ambulances (“bloodsucker”) scandal, 148, 182–84, 203, 214, 249nn5,6 amnesty, 37, 42, 52–53, 136, 237n15 Amnesty Commission, 217–18, 253n14 Amorim, Celso, 112, 155, 161, 227 Andrade, Joaquim dos Santos, 42 anti-Americanism, 101, 113, 157, 159, 223, 247n7 anticommunists: and Catholic Church, 18; and Cold War, 154; and linha dura, 15, 31–32, 42, 53–54, 217, 237n13; and military regime, 28–30; and positivism , 23 antiglobalization activists, 93, 164, 175 anti-Serra dossier, 182, 184–86, 188, 194, 197–98, 201, 203, 212, 246n2, 249n8 apartheid, 79, 88–89, 249n8 appointments, political, 11, 97, 103, 177, 186–87, 216. See also patronage Arab countries, 112, 153–54, 160, 222, 247n10 Araguaia guerrilla movement, 49, 59, 235n16 ARENA (political party), 50, 52, 57, 135, 190, 237n9 Argentina: and Lula as candidate for president of Brazil, 97–98, 100, 239n13; and Lula’s economic policy, 166, 168, 221, 229–30; and Lula’s international policy, 103, 113, 156–57, 159, 161–62, 224, 247n15; and military regime, 32; and Peronists, 89, 98, 113 Arida, Pérsio, 84 Aristides (father): alcoholism of, 4–5, 7, 38; and birth of Lula, 1, 101, 233n1; boat of, 5–6; death of, 38; illiteracy of, 4, 8, 233n1; at Lourdes’ funeral, 24; relationship with Lula, 5–7, 17, 22; second family of, 3, 5–7, 233n6; work of, 4–6 Arns, Evaristo, 44, 47, 236n32 Arraes, Miguel, 42, 53, 71, 208, 237n7, 239n12 Articulaçao of 113 (PT), 60, 78, 104, 212 artists, 15, 31, 53–54, 149–50 Artur Bernardes (high-security prison), 134 Asia, 153, 171, 239n13. See also names of Asian countries “assistencialism,” 171 astronauts, Brazilian, 119 atheism, 50, 86 audit mechanism, federal, 188, 216 Australia, 163, 174, 249n15 autênticos (union leaders), 36–37, 63–64 auto industry, 13–14, 16, 23, 39, 41, 172–73, 210, 236n24, 248n28 Avenida Paulista (São Paulo), 102, 122, 208–9 avian flu pandemic, 148 Azeredo, Eduardo, 180 Bacha, Edmar, 84 Baer, Werner, 171 Bahia, 50, 85, 98, 108, 149, 213; governorship of, 202, 246n2, 252n7 balance of payments, 63, 140, 142, 229 Banco Central, 84, 97, 99, 103, 107, 167–68, 191. See also banks, central Banco do Brasil, 120, 178–79, 187 Bank of England, 165, 240n25 bank workers’ unions, 34, 41, 64, 67, 103, 202...