c h a p t e r 1 1. Lula was registered by his father eight years later as having been born on 6 October. His father was absent from the birth and was illiterate, however, and Lula’s mother said he had made a mistake. 2. Lula was a common nickname for Luiz in the northeast; he decided to incorporate it into his legal name—as Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva—in 1981, when he was already a national figure. 3. Party membership amounted to only three hundred by 2005, and the PT candidate for mayor (prefeito) came in third. 4. In this period Caetés was known as Vargem Comprida. 5. By the 1970s, pau-de-arara had acquired a more sinister meaning in the centers of military intelligence as a type of torture in which the victim was strung upside down. 6. Her real name was Valdomira Ferreira de Goís. She may have been as young as fourteen and was certainly no more than sixteen. Aristides was arrested twice, in Recife and Rio de Janeiro, for making off with a minor but claimed that she was his sister. 7. See Paraná, Lula, o filho do Brasil, especially pp. 49–52. 8. Wilcken, Empire Adrift, provides a readable account of this period. 9. See, among other biographies, Bourne, Getúlio Vargas of Brazil. 10. In fact, Petrobrás was not terribly successful in oil exploration in its initial years, although by October 2005, long after the company had lost its monopoly, Brazil became a net exporter of petroleum products. The iconic status of Petrobrás was recognized in the 1988 Constitution, which gave it special protection. 233 NOTES 234 n o t e s t o pa g e s 1 3 – 2 5 11. Paraná, Lula, p. 75. 12. Ibid. 13. For these and figures quoted in the following paragraph, see Corrêa de Lacerda et al., Economia Brasileira. 14. Lula went to one of the two big political meetings that finished the presidential campaign. On 30 September 1960 he heard the governor of São Paulo, Adhemar de Barros, speak at a concluding rally in the Praça João Mendes. De Barros, whose unofficial slogan in São Paulo was “He robs but he does,” came in third in the election. Lula, wearing an Adhemarista badge after the rally, was beaten up and thrown off a tram by supporters of Quadros. 15. Ernesto Geisel, then head of the new president’s military office (Casa Militar) and a president himself in the 1970s, was sent to investigate these allegations . He dismissed them. Following Brazil’s move to democracy in the 1980s, however, some were proven. 16. This was the account given by Lula to Denise Paraná (Lula, p. 76). Paulo Markun, in O Sapo e o Príncipe (p. 54), blames a colleague of Lula’s, probably sleepy in the early morning hours, for releasing the arm of the press while Lula was tightening a screw. 17. Information given to the author in the mid-1960s by Carlos Widmann, then correspondent in Brazil of the Suddeutsche Zeitung. 18. Campos, who had been a diplomat as well as an economist, was ridiculed by Brazilian opponents as “Bob Fields” for his pro-American views. The military regime was not averse to massaging economic statistics, which Campos once described as “like a bikini—more interesting for what they conceal than what they reveal.” 19. In fact censorship came in at the end of Castelo Branco’s term, with a law in February 1967 that instituted control of TV, music, film, theater, and books. Newspapers had been censored ever since the military took over. 20. Paraná, Lula, p. 154. c h a p t e r 2 1. According to Mário Morel (Lula—o Início, pp. 20–21), Lula was accompanied to the mortuary by a friend and fellow unionist, Nelson Campanholo, who was worried about his reaction on seeing his dead wife and baby; Campanholo went in first, and then told Lula that the corpses were not theirs. 2. See Paraná, Lula, p. 265. The twins had been born sick, probably suffering from a urinary condition. 3. See ibid., p. 265, for his sister Maria’s opinion, and chapter 3 for the 1989 presidential campaign. Lula kept in touch with Lurian and provided money, and Maria arranged birthday presents for her. [54.225.24.249] Project MUSE (2024-03-29 13:07 GMT...