Obstinate Hebrews: Representations of Jews in France, 1715-1815

Notes

Notes introduction 1. Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi, Zakhor: Jewish History and Jewish Memory (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1982). 2. Maurice Halbwachs, On Collective Memory, edited, translated, and with an introduction by Lewis A. Coser (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), 60. 3. See, for example, Léon Kahn, Les Juifs de Paris pendant la Révolution (Paris, 1898). 4. I borrow this expression, which has come to indicate any history that seeks to validate a political tradition, from Sir Herbert Butterfield, The Whig Interpretation of History (London: G. Bell and Sons, 1931). 5. Robert Anchel, Napoléon et les Juifs (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1928). 6. Arthur Hertzberg, The French Enlightenment and the Jews (New York: Columbia University Press, 1968), 10 and passim; and Simon Schwarzfuchs, Napoleon, the Jews and the Sanhedrin (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979). 7. The term emancipation, which came to describe the elimination of all legal distinctions between Jews and non-Jews only in the late 1820s, was borrowed from the movement for “Catholic Emancipation” in Great Britain. Jacob Katz, “The Term ‘Jewish Emancipation’: Its Origin and Historical Impact,” in Studies in Nineteenth-Century Jewish Intellectual History, ed. Alexander Altman (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1964), 1–25. When I use emancipa263 tion, I am simply following convention rather than implying that the condition of Jews prior to the French Revolution was one of enslavement. 8. The seminal work in the historiographical reassessment of the French Revolution is François Furet, Interpreting the French Revolution, trans. Elborg Forster (Cambridge and Paris: Cambridge University Press and Maison des Sciences de l’Homme, 1981); Henry Rousso, The Vichy Syndrome: History and Memory in France since 1944, trans. Arthur Goldhammer (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991); and Judith Friedlander, Vilna on the Seine: Jewish Intellectuals in France since 1968 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1990), 38–64. 9. Shmuel Trigano, La République et les Juifs après Copernic (Paris: Presses D’Aujourd’hui, 1981), 36 –83. 10. Patrick Girard, La Révolution française et les Juifs (Paris: Robert Laffont , 1989). 11. Robert Badinter, Libres et égaux . . . l’émancipation des Juifs 1789– 1791 (Paris: Fayard, 1989). The official voice of French Jewry is decidedly more in favor of “particularism” today than it was at the time of the bicentenary. On this change, see Michael Robert Shurkin, “Decolonization and the Renewal of French Judaism: Reflections on the Contemporary French Jewish Scene,” Jewish Social Studies 6 (spring 2000): 156 –76. 12. Furet, Interpreting the French Revolution, 17. 13. Roger Chartier, The Cultural Origins of the French Revolution, trans. Lydia G. Cochrane (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1991), 7. 14. On this historiographical subfield, see Lynn Hunt, ed., The New Cultural History (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1989). 15. Michael André Bernstein, “Victims-in-Waiting: Backshadowing and the Representation of European Jewry,” New Literary History 29 (fall 1998): 625–51. 16. Eugen Weber, “Reflections on the Jews in France,” in The Jews in Modern France, ed. Frances Malino and Bernard Wasserstein (Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England, 1985), 8, 16. 17. Stephen Greenblatt, Marvelous Possessions: The Wonder of the New World (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), 6 –8. 18. The Project for American and French Research on the Treasury of the French Language (ARTFL) is a digitized library administered jointly by the Institut National de la Langue Française of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and the Divisions of the Humanities and Social Sciences at the University of Chicago. It includes novels, plays, correspondence, memoirs, pamphlets , travel narratives, speeches, and poetry. Subjects include philosophy, history , economics, literary criticism, and the natural sciences. 19. Claude Lévi-Strauss, Totemism, trans. Rodney Needham (Boston: Beacon Press, 1963), 89. 20. On the debates over dechristianization, see Chartier, The Cultural Origins of the French Revolution, 92–110, 121–22. 21. Mona Ozouf, Festivals and the French Revolution, trans. Alan Sheridan (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1988), esp. 262–82. 22. Abbé Henri Grégoire, Essai sur la régénération physique, morale et poli264 Notes to Pages 3–9 tique des Juifs (Paris, 1789) [reprinted in La Révolution française et l’émancipation des Juifs (Paris: EdHis, 1968), vol. 3], 132. Cf. Paul Grunebaum-Ballin, “Grégoire convertisseur? ou la croyance au ‘Retour d’Israël,’ ” Revue des études juives 121 (1962): 383–98. 23. Alexis...