Index 239 ‘hshwrwsh, 17n37 1 Maccabees: attitude toward gentiles, 159; attitude toward Seleucids, 48n126, 144; as historical source, 14, 15; “lawless men” in, 169; translator used Greek Daniel, 131n5; as a work of history, 191 2 Maccabees, 13–16, 38–41, 50–52; as court narrative, 10n5; evidences communication with Diaspora, 91–92n90; Heliodorus in, see Heliodorus episode; as Hellenistic historiography , 54, 115, 191, 218; Hyrcanus in, 78, 86n77, 89n85, 156; letters appended to beginning of, 14n23, 165; mentioned for comparison , xiii, 5, 9, 19, 42n108, 44, 56, 94, 122–24. ; Onias III in, 38, 44, 91, 119. See also 3 Maccabees, similarities to 2 Maccabees 3 Maccabees: Alexandrian provenance of, 147, 169, 180; alludes to Greek text of Daniel, 130–31, 141; attitude toward Jewish Law, 173–80; audience , 124, 127, 169–81, 210, 215; author’s purpose, 124, 127, 169–81, 201, 208, 215; character of Philopator in, 202–9; compared with legend in Josephus, 184–89; as court narrative , 10n5; date in Hellenistic period argued, 124, 129–41, 170; date in Roman period rejected, 124, 132–36, 138–41, 146n61, 170, 174n137; date, papyrological evidence for, 131n8, 139–40; elephant legend paralleled in Josephus, 20, 133n18, 144n54, 164n109, 182–90, 207–8, 219; as evidence for a persecution in the time of Philopator, 183–84; genre, 53–54, 218–19; Greek text, xiv; interest in Ptolemaic court procedure , 147–48, 169, 177–78, 180, 191; legends combined in, 61n10; literary style, 169, 177, 180; lost beginning, 148n68, 192–93, 204n63; mentioned for comparison, xii–xv, 2, 5, 7, 9, 10n5, 14–16, 18–19, 38–39, 42n108, 43–45, 51–52, 56, 66n20, 74, 92n90, 93, 94, 96, 109, 111, 122–23, 218–20; not confrontational text, 124, 129, 138–39, 141n48, 146, 157, 217; relationship with Greek Esther, 137, 141; reception of in antiquity, 219; romance/novel, 4; scholarship on, xiv; Septuagint text, xiv; similarities to 2 Maccabees, 131n8, 136–40, 141–44, 148–50, 153, 156, 158–59, 161, 164, 165–66, 168; similarities to Daniel, 141–45, 148, 150–51, 153–54, 157, 160–61, 163–66, 168; similarities to Esther, 141–46, 148, 3 Maccabees (continued) 150–51, 154, 156–57, 159–60, 162, 165–66, 168; similarities to Letter of Aristeas, 136–40, 141–44, 146– 47, 151–53, 155–61, 163–68; translations of, xiv; use of historical sources, 192–93, 199–201. See also Alexandria; history, manipulation of; identity, Jewish; paradoxical combination of history and fiction; Ptolemy IV Philopator; Ptolemy of Megalopolis; purpose, ideological Abraham: in Artapanus, 95, 97, 99, 103; children of, 102 Achiacharos of Media, 32n78 Achilles Tatius, 3 Achior the Ammonite, 27, 34, 46–47. See also Judith, Book of aetiological legend, 53–54. See also festivals Against Apion. See Josephus Agathocles, 195, 199–200, 202, 204n65 Agrigentum, 205 Ahashwerosh, 17n37, 57n2. See also Ahasuerus Ahasuerus: in Esther, 16, 17n37, 18, 33, 57n2, 145, 150, 159, 205; in Tobit, 31–32. See also Xerxes the Great Ahiqar, 5n7, 49n127, 115n71. See also Achiacharos of Media Alexander Polyhistor, 95–96, 107n49 Alexander Romance, 3, 4, 96, 99, 112– 13, 123, 218, 221, 223 Alexander the Great: conquest of India, 208n78; contemporary with Jaddus according to Josephus, 79; as Greek national hero, 100; hypomnemata of, 146n64; and the Jews, 59–76; and the Jews, mentioned for comparison, 56, 93–94, 122; priest of (see Dositheus, son of Drimylus); successors of, 144, 163. See also Alexander Romance Alexandria: citizenship of, 134–36, 170n119, 184, 207; festival asso240 / Index ciated with elephant legend at, 184– 85, 189–90, 219; Greeks of, 139, 158, 167, 171, 173, 175, 178, 180; hippodrome at, 127, 169; library at, 11, 37–38; literary style characteristic of, 177; in Letter of Aristeas, 12, 35nn88–89, 37–38, 51, 107, 161, 165; mob of, 105, 133, 138–39, 174, 200, 204n65; persecution of 88 b.c.e. in, 187–88; persecution of Jews under Euergetes in, 182, 184–87; persecution of Jews under Philopator in, xii, 126, 129, 132–33, 155, 160, 164, 183, 190–92, 201–2, 207; persecution of Jews, no evidence for any in, 188–90; Ptolemaic and Roman eras contrasted, 138–39, 170. See also 3 Maccabees; Caligula; Egypt; gentiles; Greeks; Josephus, elephant legend; laographia Alexandrinus, xiv Amel-Marduk, 58n3 Amestris, 20n44, 42 Ammanitis, 78. See also Transjordan anachronisms, 12, 19, 23, 25n55, 33, 36, 44, 49n128, 59, 68–69, 73, 75, 77, 92, 128, 140n45, 150nn77–78, 217 Ananias, 170n121 Andreas, 196...