Infertility around the Globe: New Thinking on Childlessness, Gender, and Reproductive Technologies

Index

341 INDEX abortion: Central Africa, 221; Costa Rica, 181; Israel, 284–85 ACCESS, 37 adoption: Costa Rica, 180–84; feminist critiques of, 42, 59; northern Vietnam, 140, 149n5; and social model, 40 advanced reproductive technologies. See new reproductive technologies Africa, 17, 233–34. See also Cameroon; Central Africa; Chad, infertility in; Egypt; Gambia; Mozambique; Zimbabwe age of mother, 35, 60, 66, 274–76 agrochemicals, 178 AID. See artificial insemination AIDS, 16–17 alternative medicine, 10, 93, 95n3 American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM), 58, 64 ancestor worship, 141–42, 143 Appadurai, A., 265 artificial insemination, 13, 16, 79; critiques of, 55; and ultraorthodox Jews, 289–92, 295n10 ASRM (American Society for Reproductive Medicine), 58, 64 barrenness, 34–35 Beijing Conference (United Nations Conference on Women and Development, 1995), 258n1 Benedek, Theresa, 81 Benson, H., 90 Berlant, L., 67 biogynecology: Africa, 249–50, 251–56, 258n3; China, 305–6; Kerala, 155–56; metaphors for, 102–3. See also new reproductive technologies birth planning policies. See population control policies Brkovich, A. M., 86 Brown, Louise, 59, 318. See also in vitro fertilization Bruce, N. W., 85 Bydlowski, M., 83 Cairo Conference (International Conference on Population and Development, 1994), 17, 221, 258n1 Cameroon, 24, 215–29; cooking symbolism, 223–24; ethnographic setting, 217–18; historical background, 218–20; infertility as public health problem in, 220–21, 228–29; local infertility concerns, 223– 28; national population policies, 221–23; poverty, 227–28; prevalence of infertility, 215–16, 230n1; research methodology, 218; witchcraft attributions, 216–17, 225– 27 capitalism, 107 Central Africa, infertility in, 193–201; definitions of infertility, 196–99; demography , 193–94; discourses about, 199–201; epidemiology, 194–95; and ethnography , 193, 195–96, 200, 201, 211nn1,2. See also Cameroon; Chad, infertility in cesarean deliveries, 280–81n3 342 INDEX Chad, infertility in, 23–24, 201–11; economic /political context, 201–2; family size expectations, 206–7; local perceptions of infertility, 208–11; narratives, 207–8; prevalence of infertility, 202–3; proving fertility, 204–5; reproductive potential beliefs, 205–6; research methodology , 203–4 chance model, 86 child desire: and family structure, 139–43; motives for, 8–9; and new reproductive technology critiques, 42–43, 57; and parental affection, 9, 28n2; as personal choice, 8, 40. See also motherhood role childlessness: as choice, 6; Costa Rica, 180– 81; northern Vietnam, 140; and social model, 40; ultraorthodox Jews, 295n7 children, effects on. See effects on children China, new reproductive technologies in, 26– 27, 298–311; consumer demand, 304–6, 307–9; and eugenics, 306–10; medical practitioner views, 302–4, 307; and population control policies, 298, 300–302, 308, 311n1; research methodology, 299– 300 Christianity. See religion Christie, G. L., 85 Clarke, A., 102 class differences, 59–60, 65, 66, 160. See also stratified reproduction Cobb, J., 107 Conceiving the New World Order (Ginsburg & Rapp), 68 Conrad, P., 101 contraception, 55, 135, 222, 284. See also population control policies cooking symbolism, 223–24 Corea, G., 59 Costa Rica, infertility in, 22–23, 171–87; adolescent pregnancy, 171, 174, 182–83; adoption, 180–84; motherhood role, 176–78, 184, 185; research methodology , 172–75 counseling, 91, 92, 281n5 custody battles, 62 cyclical model of infertility, 88–89 D&C, 254, 256 daughters. See gender of child Davis-Floyd, R. E., 103 Dayan-Lintzer, M., 83 Debarge, Josette, 219 definitions of infertility: Africa, 196–99, 208– 11, 235–36, 245n1, 248–49; medical condition vs. social problem, 11–12, 37; northern Vietnam, 137; Western medical definitions, 12–13, 18, 196–99 Deutsch, Helene, 81, 83, 84 developing countries, infertility in, 247–48; and new reproductive technology critiques , 68, 265; and parental affection, 9, 28n2; and pronatalism, 6–7; and strati fied reproduction, 265–66. See also pronatalism . See also specific countries diagnosis, 12, 13, 89–90. See also definitions of infertility DI (donor insemination). See artificial insemination . See also donor insemination disclosure divorce: Egypt, 275, 278; Mozambique, 242– 43; northern Vietnam, 145–46 doctors: Kerala, 160–61; and machine metaphors , 110; and new reproductive technology critiques, 63; and patient empowerment , 112. See also biogynecology; new reproductive technologies Domar, A. D., 90 donor egg technology. See ovum donation donor insemination disclosure, 22, 119–31; and effects on children, 120–21, 125– 26, 127–29, 131n1; and honesty vs. con- fidentiality, 124–25; and male infertility acceptance process, 122–23; and meaning of parenthood, 126–27, 130; and normalcy, 129; research methodology, 121–22; and stigma, 119–20, 124, 130, 131n4 Douglas...