Index 309 abortion, 100 Abraham, Nicholas, 42 abstersive and mundifying foods, 100 abstinence. See fasting Aëtius, 7, 21, 30 age, 154–62; and digestive capacity, 156; of plants and animals used as food, 157–59, 269 aging meat and fowl, 158–59, 269, 278 aging process, 53, 154–55 agglutination, 59, 67 air: as nourishment, 117–19; quality, 117 alcohol, 274. See also birth defects almonds, 101 America, humoral theory in, 8, 286 –94 American foods, 2, 231– 40 anatomy, 58 anger, 3 anorexia, aperitives, 92, 100–1 aphrodisiacs, 59, 146 –51, 182 Apicius, 19, 207 apoplexy, 102 appetite, 54–56 apples, 90–91, 255, 273 apricots, 152 Arab and Jewish authorities, 7, 168; rejection of, 7 Aristotle, 18, 58, 64 Arnald of Villanova, 26, 89–91 aromatherapy, 118 aromatic foods, 97 artichokes, 101, 206, 261 ascetics, 92 Asian foods, 2 asparagus, 98, 206, 266; causing fetid urine, 38 ass, as food, 31 assimilation, 6, 63–66 astrology, 15, 45, 155 Athenaeus, 19 attenuation, of humors, 97 authorities, criticism of, 8, 10, 38, 229, 285 Averroës, 23 Avicenna, 7, 23; and order of foods in one meal, 109 Bachot, Gaspard, 45, 270–71 banquets. See gluttony, at court barley, 100, 198 basil, 160 baths and rubbings, 134–35 beans, 258, 261; as a crass food, 94; fit for peasants, 188; and gas, 10, 59; New World, 235–36; and Pythagoras, 16; string bean recipe, 281 bear, as food, 31 beef, 8, 68, 188, 256, 276; digestibility of, 6; for English, 12, 40, 230; nutritional value, 6; promoting choler, 3; recipes, 260, 276 beer, 95, 98, 133, 230. See also Placotomus Benedict (Benedictus) of Nursia, 28, 190, 249 Benzi, Ugo, 26, 43 Bertaldi, Giovani Ludovico (or Bertaudo), 43, 264–65 birth defects and alcohol, 146, 152 bitterness, 82–83 blancmange, 261 blood: as food, 73, 192 ; as a humor, 49 bloodletting, 49 body size, 5. See also weight loss Boorde, Andrew, 33 borage, 103, 139; efficacy, 11 bouquet garni, 258 brain, as food, 96, 253 bran, 100, 197 Braudel, Fernand, 188 bread, 59, 67, 84, 165, 249; crust, 95, 197; and fermentation, 98, 271; as a social marker, 196 –97; white, 98 breakfast, 65, 112, 205 Brooke, Humphrey, 46, 277 broth, 72 Bruyerin Champier, Ioannes (Campegius), 35–36, 255–56 buffalo, 204 bulimia, 55 Bulleyn, William, 34–35, 257–58 Buttes, Henry, 40– 41, 273–74 Byzantines, 21 cacao, 231, 236 Calanius (Prosper Calano), 34, 254–55 camel, 31 Camporesi, Piero, 198–99 cancer, 102 cannabis, 102, 198 cannibalism, 69 Cardano, Girolamo, 37–38, 261–62 carnivores, 71 Castellanus, Petrus (du Chatel), 45, 278– 79 Celsus, 19 Cervantes, Miguel de, Don Quixote, 3 cheese, 67, 93, 105, 125, 229–30, 256, 260; hard, 8, 194; with maggots, 227; as a seal for stomach, 60. See also Pantaleone da Confienza chestnuts, 265, 281 chewing, 56 chicken, 98, 165; free-range, 142– 43; as most tempered of foods, 42 chickpeas, 100, 195, 279 choler, foods that promote, 3 chyle, 61, 66 citrus and citron, 97, 189, 213 class. See social prejudice cloves, 84 Cockaigne, 181 Cogan, Thomas, 39– 40, 208, 271–72 cold, as a pathological state, 50, 86, 95, 102 coldness: atmospheric, 288; as an elemental quality, 5, 288 collations, 112, 205 color, of food, as criterion of nutritional value, 80–81 combining foods. See correction complexion: as color of face, 50–51; as humoral makeup, 5, 49–50 concoction: and cooking metaphors, 17, 57, 96 as one stage of digestion, 54, 56 condiments, 6, 66, 88–91, 188, 242, 245, 252, 291–92; condemnation of, 41, 253, 255–56, 261, 270, 273, 276, 280 cooking: as a corrective, 242–83, 255– 56, 261–62, 272, 276, 282–83; and effect on nutrition, 6 –7 cordials, 97 corn (maize), 231, 234–35 Cornaro, Alvise (or Luigi), 36, 139, 156 correction, of food’s substance, 98–99, 242. See also condiments; cooking corruption of food. See putrefaction courtly dining, 12, 184, 187–88, 205–15, 213, 250, 257 crass foods, 93–94 cravings, 51; in pregnancy, 55, 87, 151 cucumbers, 8–9, 66, 84, 194, 250 cuisine, late medieval, 246 custom: criticism of local, 251; outweighing theory, 12, 44, 114, 251–83 ; as a second nature, 50–51, 113–14 deduction, to assign food qualities, 79 defense: and diet, 223–24; military metaphors, 222 degrees of intensity, 84–88 diet. See hygiene, old broader meaning of diet, universally prescribed rules of, 6, 87, 127 dietaries, audience for, 8, 37...