In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:

APPENDIX The Vocabulary of Agricultural Devastation A multitude of words and phrases are used to describe the process of ravaging. Some are of a general nature, denoting combined operations of destruction, plundering, and sacking.! Others are more specific and refer only to devastation of agriculture or rural property (i.e., farmhouses , implements, fencing, storage buildings). Many are common, everyday words (e.g., cut, burn, trample) that are used simply to describe the great variety ofways to destroy crops and property. Although the collection of examples that follows is not by any means exhaustive, and so does not eliminate all cases of ambiguity, definite patterns of usage can be noted, which will help to reduce confusion in the study of Greek agricultural devastation. In reference to enemy activity, the general adikeo (to injure), kakoo (to injure), kakourgeo (to do injury), portheo (to destroy/plunder), and phtheiro (to destroy)-the last two especially frequent in compoundsusually include ravaging of agriculture within their range of meaning, I. Throughout I use "ravage" and "devastate" interchangeably to mean destruction alone, and "plunder" to signify looting, where troops seek to acquire property and goods. 186 / 14ppendix but not exclusively so. Plundering can also be implied, as well as destruction ofcitadels or taking of captives. These terms are rarely specific and consequently are the least forceful of the many words used to describe ravaging. Usually the context in which they are used is the only reliable guide in ascertaining an exact meaning. For example, at Thuc. 2.5.5" the Plataians warn the Theban invaders not to injure the territory outside their walls (ta te exo elegon autois me adikein). Earlier (2.5.4.) Thucydides had noted that the Thebans had designs on the nlany Plataians left out in the countryside with their property . The usage here ofadikeo refers to the possible taking of captives and to the plundering offarms and stock, but only incidentally, if at all at this point, to the destruction ofcrops. Similar usage occurs at Thuc. 4.52.2-3. There the Lesbian exiles and their mercenaries hold off damaging (ouden adikesantes) Rhoiteion after receiving payment of 2,000 staters. Presumably they were intent on booty, plunder, and inflicting random damage on the city;2 devastation of the farmland surrounding Rhoiteion cannot be implied or assumed. Adikeo suggests plundering alone also at Aen. Tact. 16.4-6, Polyb. 4.3.10, and Xen. Hell. 4.8.30, in reference to soldiers who go off into the fields in search ofprovisions and loot. In other passages (e.g., Thuc. 2.71.4, 5.84.3, 6.7.1.), the meaning of adikeo appears to be exactly the reverse. Devastation of agriculture becomes in these cases the primary if not the only activity implied by adikeo. Perhaps plundering can never be ruled out, but it must be only incidental here. Thus in these instances adikeo is used with deaD (ravage) and temno (cut), which comprise the normal vocabulary for devastation of agriculture alone, and so serve to clarify what the "damage" (adikeo) to the countryside in these cases actually entailed. Kakoo (injure) and kakourgeo (to do injury) in general are used in the same ambiguous way. For example, it is clear from the context that devastation of agriculture is meant at PI. Leg. 761A; Pause 3.7.10; Thuc. 2. See Jackson 1969, 13 n. 12 on this passage. Vocabulary / I 87 2.22.2,2.25.1,3.1.2,7.19.2; and Xen. Hell. 4.8,7, since in many of these cases deoo or temno appears nearby in apparent elaboration of the damage inflicted. Similarly, at Xen. Hell. 5.4.42, Phoibidas is said to have "plundered" (ephere kai ege) the Thebans, by sending out freebooters, while "devastating " their land (ekakourgei ten choran) with ravaging parties; kakourgeo here refers specifically to the destruction of crops alone. At other times kakoo and kakourgeo can equally well suggest damage from plundering or looting only. Indeed, at Thuc. 2.3 2, 4.53.3, and 7,4.6, these words refer either to lestai (robbers) or soldiers in search of provisions. Their true aim is the capture of enemy property, not the destruction of crops. Portheo (to destroy/plunder) and phtheiro (to destroy), like these other general words, can be used on occasions for both, activities, but they show definite tendencies for more specialized usage. Portheo, it is true, sometimes describes agricultural devastation,3 but much more often it denotes plundering and looting alone...

Share