Notes
TVofes Introduction: Interpreting Louis XIII 1. Armand Baschet, Le roi chez la reine ou histoire secrete du manage de Louis XIII et d'Anne d'Autriche (Paris, 1866), p. 2. 2. The biography is Pierre Chevallier's Louis XIII: Roi cornelien (Paris, 1979). For other studies, see the bibliography under "Biographical References to LouisXIII." 3. See the bibliography under "Louis XIII's Letters." 4. The best examples of the Louis-Richelieu correspondence are in Archives du Ministere des Affaires Etrangeres (AAE), Memoires et Documents, France (hereafter cited as France mss.), 244, 2164. 5. Bibliotheque Nationale (BN) manuscrits francais (hereafter cited as mss. fr.), 4022-27; Jean [or Jehan] Heroard, Journal sur I'enfance et lajeunesse de Louis XIII (1601-1628), ed. Eudore Soulie and Edouard de Barthelemy, 2 vols. (Paris, 1868). 6. Armand-Jean du Plessis, Cardinal de Richelieu, Memoires, criticalSociete de 1'Histoire de France ed. (SHF), ed. H. de Beaucaire et al., 10 vols. (Paris, 1907-31), for the period preceding 1630, and the conventional Michaud and Poujoulat ed. (MP), 2d ser., vols. 7-9 (Paris, 1836-39), for the prior years; Richelieu, Lettres, instructions et papiers d'etat, Documents inedits ser., ed. Denis-Louis-Martial Avenel, 8 vols. (Paris, 1853-77); Richelieu,Les papiers: Correspondance et papiers d'etat. Section politique interieure, ed. Pierre Grillon, 5 vols. (Paris, 1975-82). 7. Elizabeth Marvick, Louis XIII: The Making of a King (New Haven, Conn., 1986), preface; idem, "The Character of Louis XIII: The Role of his Physician," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 4 (1974); see also Madeleine Foisil, "Le Journal d'Heroard, medecin de Louis XIII," Etudes sur I'Herault 5 307 308 Notes to Pages 4-7 (1984). We will know much more on this subject and the young Louis XIII when Foisil's eagerly awaited scholarly edition of Heroard appears. 8. Even the Foreign Affairs archives have been shaped by Richelieu, including the years prior to his entry to Louis's council in 1624, by the fact that many of its holdings come from the cardinal-minister's papers. 9. Other biographies have focused on very different periods of their subjects ' lives, including one of England's Henry VIII by Lacy Baldwin Smith that looks at the crotchety old man letting his guard down. Biographers of Louis XIV have detected signs of a mid-life crisis, only to hesitate to put their "hunches" in print because of a lack of conventional proof! 10. These sources are listed in the bibliography under "Contemporary Image-Making on Louis XIII." 11. The late William F. Church was especially eager to know how I would deal with that collaboration, probably knowing that I would not give Richelieu the top billing that minister received in Church's magisterial work, Richelieu and Reason of State (Princeton, N.J., 1972). J. Russell Major's excellent study on Representative Government in Early Modern France (New Haven, Conn., 1980), 450-52, exemplifies the magnetic influence of Richelieu, even on a historian hostile to him. After a fine character sketch of the teenage king Louis XIII and the suggestion that his personality lay behind the policy of "restoring order" to pre-Richelieu France, Major adds: "The evil genius of Richelieu had not yet directed his attention away from domestic reform." 12. Alexandre Dumas fils, Les grands hommes en robe de chambre: Henri IV, Louis XIII et Richelieu (Paris, 1877), 2:313. See also his Three Musketeers, Everyman ed. (London, 1911), e.g. 19: "Louis XIV absorbed all the lesser stars of his court in his own vast radiance; but his father, a sun pluribus impar [a play on Louis XIV's famous motto, nee pluribus impar, implying that the son was without equal and the father unequal to many], left his personal splendour to each of his favourites, his individual value to each of his courtiers." And, in describing the denouement of the fictitious diamond studs affair, where Louis learns that his wife's suitor, Buckinghamof England, has been assassinated (p. 633): The joy of the king was lively. He did not even give himself the trouble to dissemble, and displayed it with affectation before the queen. Louis XIII, like every weak mind, was wanting in generosity. But the king soon became dull and indisposed; his brow was not one of those that long remained clear. He felt that in returning to camp he should re-enter slavery ; nevertheless, he did return. The cardinal was for him the fascinating serpent, and himself the bird which flies from...
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