The Jail: Managing the Underclass in american society

Notes

Notes Chapter 1 1. Ronald Goldfarb, Jails: The Ultimate Ghetto of the Criminal Justice System, p. 29. 2. Edith Flynn, "Jails and CriminalJustice," inPrisoners inAmerica, ed. LloydE. Ohlin.p. 57. 3. See Andrew Scull, Decarceration, p.153. 4. Seeesp.Morton G. Wenger and Thomas A. Bonomo, "Crime, the Crisis of Capitalism,and Social Revolution,"in Crime and'Capitalism, ed. David Greenberg, pp. 420-34. 5. Webster's Third New International Dictionary (Springfield, Mass.: G. &C.Merriam, 1971). 6. Frances Fox Piven and Richard A. Cloward, Regulating the Poor, p. 7. 7. Hans Mattick, "TheContemporary Jails of the United States: An Unknown and Neglected Area of Justice," in Handbook of Criminology, tA. Daniel Glaser, pp. 782-83. 8. Thomas Hughes, Alfred the Great, pp. 181-82. 9. Ralph B. Pugh, Imprisonment inMedieval England, p. 3. 10. Ibid. 11. Ibid.,p.4. 12. See Henri Pirenne, Medieval Cities. 13. See ibid, for a description and analysisof thistransition. 14. Ibid., p. 114. 15. Urban Tigner Holmes, Daily Living in the Twelfth Century, pp. 36-37. 16. See Douglas Hay,"Property, Authority, and the Criminal Law," in Douglas Hay et al., Albion's Fatal Tree. 123 124 NOTES TO PAGES 5~I5 17. Hughes, Alfred the Great, pp. 181-82. 18. Pugh, Imprisonment inMedieval England, p. 3. 19. The twenty-second act of Henry VIII (king of England, 1509-1547), quoted in WilliamJ. Chambliss, "The Law of Vagrancy," p. 73. 20. The seventh act of James I (kingof England, 1603-1625) required that every county have one or more houses of correction. 21. John Howard, The State of the Prisons,p. 14. 22. Ronald Goldfarb notes: "By 1861, English workhouses andjails were both known simplyas 'local prisons'" (Jails, p. 33). 23. See David Rothman, TheDiscovery ofthe Asylum, p. 46. 24. See ibid., ch. 1. 25. Ibid., pp. 52-56. 26. F.C. Gray, Prison Discipline in America, quoted in Edwin H. Sutherland and Donald R. Cressey, Criminology, p. 520. 27. Goldfarb, 7a//5, p. 11. 28. Walter A. Lunden, "The Rotary Jail, or Human Squirrel Cage," p. 156. 29. Seeibid. 30. KellowChesney, The Victorian Underworld, p. 38. 31. James Edgar Brown, "The Increase of Crime in the United States," pp. 832-33. 32. See Chesney, Victorian Underworld; and Henry Mayhew, London's Underworld. 33. See Herbert Asbury, The Gangs of New York City. 34. See Troy Duster, The Legislation of Morality. 35. The literatureon male youth gangs is large and attests to thecontinuity of this urban "troublemaker." For a good start, see Frederic M. Thrasher, The Gang. 36. See Joseph Gusfield, The Symbolic Crusade; and Duster, Legislation of Morality. 37. See Caleb Foote, "Vagrancy Type Law and Its Administration," p. 615. 38. See James Q. Wilson, Varieties of Police Behavior, ch. 5; and Egon Bittner, "The Police on Skid-Row: AStudy of Peace Keeping." 39. Lyn Lofland, The World of Strangers, p. 67. 40. Personal communication from Paul Rock to Andrew Scull, quoted in Scul\,Decarceration,p. 153. 41. See Wilson, Varieties of Police Behavior, ch. 5; Bittner, "Police on Skid-Row"; and Jacqueline?. Wiseman, Stations of the Lost,ch. 3. 42. Wiseman, Stations of the Lost, p. 66. 43. San Francisco Chronicle, March 12, 1981, p. 26. 44. Ibid.,Oct. 15,1982,p. 25. NOTES TO PAGES 15-29 125 45. Wiseman, Stations of the Lost,p. 67; see also Bittner, "Police on SkidRow ," for a description of this form of police work in rabble zones. 46. Bittner makes this distinction in a convincing fashion in "Police on Skid-Row." Chapter 2 1. MarvinE. Wolfgang, Robert Figlio, and Paul Tracy, "The Seriousness of Crime: The Resultsof a NationalSurvey." 2. For example, I read the following description from my interviewsto two classes: A man received his weekly paycheck and noticed that he had been overpaid by $2,000. He cashed the check, went to the Tenderloin area, drank, picked up a prostitute, and went to a hotel room with her. When he woke up later, the money was gone. He assumed that she took it. He was arrested at work when he was asked to return the overpayment and indicated that he did not have it. The items that I read to the class and their scores from the center's survey (given in parentheses) were: (1) a person steals property worth $1,000 from outside a building (6.86); (2) a person cheats on his income taxreturn (4.49); (3) an employee...