Old and New New Englanders: Immigration and Regional Identity in the Gilded Age

Notes

205 Notes Introduction 1. Arthur W. Calhoun, A Social History of the American Family from Colonial Times to the Present (Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark, 1918), 2:17–18, 20–21. 2. William DeWitt Hyde, “Impending Paganism in New England,” Forum 13 (June 1892): 528. 3. For scholarship on nineteenth-century conceptions of the white races, see especially Matthew Frye Jacobson, Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998); David R. Roediger, The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class (London: Verso, 1991); Thomas F. Gossett, Race: The History of an Idea in America, new ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997); Stuart Anderson, Race and Rapprochement : Anglo-Saxonism and Anglo-American Relations, 1895–1904 (East Brunswick, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1981); Reginald Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny: The Origins of American Racial Anglo-Saxonism (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981). 4. Quoted in James M. McPherson, Is Blood Thicker Than Water? Crises of Nationalism in the Modern World (New York: Vintage, 1998), 47. 5. For the Cavalier-Norman thesis, see ibid., 43–51; James C. Cobb, Away Down South: A History of Southern Identity (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 22– 26, 43–45; Rollin G. Osterweis, Romanticism and Nationalism in the Old South (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1949), 47–48; Ritchie Devon Watson Jr., Normans and Saxons: Southern Race Mythology and the Intellectual History of the American Civil War (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2008). 6. See, for example, Thomas Nelson Page, The Old South: Essays Social and Political (New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1892), 5, 14, 22, 101; and a speech by Senator Benjamin Tillman, Congressional Record, 57th Cong., 2nd sess., February 24, 1903, 2566. 7. See Edward L. Ayers, The Promise of the New South: Life after Reconstruction (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 199; Hasia R. Diner, Erin’s Daughters in America: Irish Immigrant Women in the Nineteenth Century (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983), 80–82; and “Female Help,” New England Farmer, May 1857, 247. 206 • Notes to Pages 6–18 8. See Dona Brown, Inventing New England: Regional Tourism in the Nineteenth Century (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1995), 9, 108–9, 117–18, 139– 40, 146, 192–94, 201, 204, 215–16. 9. See, for example, Roger B. Stein, “Gilded Age Pilgrims,” in Picturing Old New England: Image and Memory, ed. William H. Truettner and Roger B. Stein (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1999), 43, 51, 57, 59, 60; and in the same volume William H. Truettner and Thomas Andrew Denenberg, “The Discreet Charm of the Colonial,” 91–92; and William H. Truettner, “Small-Town America,” 122. 10. Barbara Miller Solomon, Ancestors and Immigrants: A Changing New England Tradition (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1956), 84–86. 11. Joseph A. Conforti, Imagining New England: Explorations of Regional Identity from the Pilgrims to the Mid–Twentieth Century (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001), 248–62. 12. James M. Lindgren, Preserving Historic New England: Preservation, Progressivism , and the Remaking of Memory (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 5. 13. Quoted in ibid., 37. 14. For a classic statement of this theory, see Kathleen Neils Conzen, David A. Gerber, Ewa Morawska, George E. Pozzetta, and Rudolph J. Vecoli, “The Invention of Ethnicity: A Perspective from the U.S.A.,” Journal of American Ethnic History 12, no. 1 (1992): 12, 22–23. Chapter 1 1. Henry Cabot Lodge, Certain Accepted Heroes and Other Essays in Literature and Politics (New York: Harper & Bros., 1897), 97. 2. Ibid., 98. For a similar comparison of the expansionist and assimilative capacities of the Anglo-Saxon race and the English language, see Josiah Strong, The New Era; or, The Coming Kingdom (New York: Baker & Taylor, 1893), 60. For a discussion of turn-of-the-century academics who made similar racialized comparisons, see Gavin Jones, Strange Talk: The Politics of Dialect Literature in Gilded Age America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999), 22–23. 3. Lodge, Certain Accepted Heroes, 97, 98. 4. For the backgrounds of the Brahmin Anglo-Saxonists, see Barbara Miller Solomon , Ancestors and Immigrants: A Changing New England Tradition (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1956); Edward N. Saveth, American Historians and European Immigrants, 1875–1925 (New York: Russell & Russell, 1965), chaps. 1–2; and Stuart Anderson, Race and Rapprochement: Anglo-Saxonism and Anglo-American Relations, 1895–1904 (East Brunswick, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University, 1981), 37–45. 5. Barrett...