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Notes
Preface
1. T. Mills Kelly, “For Better or Worse? The Marriage of the Web and Classroom,” Journal of the Association for History and Computing 3, no. 2 (August 2000), http://mcel.pacificu.edu/jahc/2000/issue2/articles/kelly/.
2. For more on this topic, see Cathy Davidson, “Mobile Humanities,” HASTAC, May 26, 2008; “Mobile Social History/Memory Digital History Project,” John Nicholas Brown Center, http://proteus.brown.edu/jnbc/817; Cameron Blevins, “The Mobile Historian,” historying. http://historying.org/2009/05/03/the-mobile-historian/.
Acknowledgments
1. The best introduction to Roy's life and work is Roy Rosenzweig, Clio Wired: The Future of the Past in the Digital Age (New York: Columbia University Press, 2011).
Introduction
1. “21 Nazi Chiefs Guilty,” Nuremberg Trials 1946/10/8, 2006, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xcudlm6tPa0&feature=youtube_gdata. Accessed July 27, 2010.
2. See, for example, T. Mills Kelly, “Tomorrow's Yesterdays: Teaching History in the Digital Age,” in Brave New Classrooms: Educational Democracy and the Internet, ed. Mark Pegrum and Joe Lockard (New York: Peter Lang, 2006), 213–24; “Remaking Liberal Education. The Challenges of New Media,” Academe (January–February 2003): 28–31; and “For Better or Worse?”
3. Fred Morrow Fling and Howard Walter Caldwell, Studies in European and American History (J. H. Miller, 1897), 9–10.
4. Simon Spradlin, Studies in the History of History Teaching (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1936), 81.
5. Nicholas Kulish, “Author, 17, Says It's ‘Mixing,’ Not Plagiarism,” New York Times, February 12, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/12/world/europe/12germany.html.
6. See, for instance, Edward H. Carr, “The Historian and His Facts,” in What is History? (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1962), 3–35, and Carl Becker, “Everyman His Own Historian,” American Historical Review 37, no. 2 (December 1931): 221–36.
7. Errol Morris, “Which Came First, the Chicken or the Egg? (Part One),” Opinionator, September 25, 2007, http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/09/25/which-came-first-the-chicken-or-the-egg-part-one/; “Does the Camera Ever Lie?” American Memory Project, Library of Congress, http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/cwphtml/cwpcam/cwcam1.html. Accessed June 4, 2011.
8. Thomas S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 3rd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996), 92.
9. Robert Townsend, “Assimilation of New Media into History Teaching: Some Snapshots from the Edge,” Perspectives 48, no. 9 (December 2010): 24–26.
10. http://digitalhistory.wikispot.org/Interactive_Ambient_and_Tangible_Devices_for_Knowledge_Mobilization. Accessed February 25, 2010.
11. “More Than Just Digital Quilting,” Economist, December 3, 2011, 3–4.
12. The image of the stencil is at http://www.flickr.com/photos/tmkelly/4053321333/. More information on the Craft ROBO is available at http://www.graphteccorp.com/craftrobo/.
13. Doug Rohrer and Harold Pashler, “Recent Research on Human Learning Challenges Conventional Instructional Strategies,” Educational Researcher 39 (2010): 406–12.
14. Digital Humanities Now, http://digitalhumanitiesnow.org/.
15. In addition to the sources cited earlier, see Max Farrand, “Report of the Conference on History in the College Curriculum,” American Historical Association (1906), and Charles Homer Haskins “Report of the Conference on the First Year of College Work in History,” American Historical Association (1906). For a useful review of the relationship between academic historians and the teaching of history in the schools, see Robert Orrill and Linn Shapiro, “From Bold Beginnings to an Uncertain Future: The Discipline of History and History Education,” American Historical Review, 110, no. 3 (2005), and Robert Townsend, “Making History: Scholarship and Professionalization in the Discipline, 1880–1940” (PhD diss., George Mason University, 2009).
16. Lion F. Gardiner, “Why We Must Change: The Research Evidence,” Thought & Action 14, no. 1 (Spring 1998): 78. See also L. Dee Fink, Creating Significant Learning Experiences (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2003), 4–10.
17. Gardiner, “Why We Must Change,” 4–10.
18. Lendol Calder, “Uncoverage: Toward a Signature Pedagogy for the History Survey,” Journal of American History 92, no. 4 (March 2006), http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jah/92.4/calder.html.
19. Dennis Jacobs, “An Alternative Approach to General Chemistry,” http://gallery.carnegiefoundation.org/collections/castl_he/djacobs/index2.htm. Accessed December 1, 2011.
20. Daniel J. Cohen, “By the Book: Assessing the Place of Textbooks in U.S. Survey Courses,” Journal of American History 91, no. 4 (March 2005), http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jah/91.4/cohen.html.
21. Townsend, “Assimilation of New Media,” 26.
22. Sarah Horton, Web Teaching Guide (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000), xi.
23. Paul Taylor and Scott Keeter, Millennials: Confident. Connected. Open to Change.—Pew Social & Demographic Trends (Pew Research Center, February 2010), 25–29, http://pewsocialtrends.org/pubs/751/millennials-confident-connected-open-to-change.
24. Fred Stutzman, Student Life on the Facebook (Chapel Hill, NC, January 8, 2006), http://fredstutzman.com/pubs/stutzman_wp3.pdf.
25. Mizuko Ito et al., Hanging Out, Messing Around, and Geeking Out (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2009), 244.
Chapter 1
1. Robert Orrill and Linn Shapiro, “From Bold Beginnings to an Uncertain Future: The Discipline of History and History Education,” American Historical Review 110, no. 3 (June 2005), http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/ahr/110.3/orrill.html.
2. Burke Aaron Hinsdale, How to Study and Teach History (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1897), 63–64.
3. Hinsdale, How to Study and Teach History, 61.
4. Charles H. Haskins, “Report of the Conference on the First Year of College Work in History,” American Historical Association (1906), 147.
5. J. Carleton Bell, “Editorials: The Historic Sense,” Journal of Educational Psychology 8, no. 5 (May 1917): 318. See also Sam Wineburg, “Crazy for History,” Journal of American History (March 2004), jah/90.4/wineburg.html. Accessed February 12, 2010.
6. Bell, “The Historic Sense,” 318.
7. For more on the history of the historical profession, see Robert Townsend, Making History: Scholarship and Professionalization in the Discipline, 1880–1940, publication forthcoming, fall 2012 (University of Chicago Press).
8. See, for example, “Making History and Civics a Priority,” Washington Post, June 17, 2011, http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/making-history-a-civics-a-priority/2011/06/17/AGb1tYZH_story.html.
9. “Slade Gorton Speech on the Proposed National History Standards,” C-SPAN, January 18, 1995, http://www.c-spanarchives.org/congress/?q=node/77531&id=7079046.
10. Stéphane Lévesque, Thinking Historically: Educating Students for the Twenty-First Century (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2008), 6; Pierre Nora and Lawrence D. Kritzman, Realms of Memory: Conflicts and Divisions (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), 3.
11. Mills Kelly, “Welcome to Minsk, Florida,” Edwired, September 6, 2006, http://edwired.org/?p=91.
12. See, for example, Gary B Nash, History on Trial: Culture Wars and the Teaching of the Past, 1st ed. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997).
13. Michael Birnbaum, “A Message for Washington on Schools: Don't Mess with Texas,” Washington Post, March 31, 2010, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/31/AR2010033103989.html. The comments in the online version of this story help to highlight the polarized nature of such debates in American society: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/31/AR2010033103989_Comments.html.
14. Peter Seixas, “Schweigen! die Kinder!,” in Knowing, Teaching and Learning History: National and International Perspectives (New York: New York University Press, 2000), 23.
15. Sam Wineburg, “Crazy for History,” Journal of American History 90, no. 4 (March 2004): 1401–14.
16. Robert B. Bain, “Into the Breach: Using Research and Theory to Shape History Instruction,” in Knowing, Teaching and Learning History: National and International Perspectives (New York: New York University Press, 2000), 337; David Pace, “The Amateur in the Operating Room: History and the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning,” American Historical Review 109, no. 4 (October 2004), http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/ahr/109.4/pace.html.
17. “Women at Odds over Suffrage Question,” New York Times, March 17, 1907.
18. David Lowenthal, “Dilemmas and Delights of Learning History,” in Knowing, Teaching and Learning History: National and International Perspectives (New York: New York University Press, 2000), 74.
19. James Axtell, “The Pleasures of Teaching History,” History Teacher 34, no. 4 (August 2001), http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/ht/34.4/axtell.html.
20. Bertold Brecht, Brecht on Theatre: The Development of an Aesthetic, 13th ed. (New York: Hill & Wang, 1977), 192.
21. Samuel S. Wineburg, Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts: Charting the Future of Teaching the Past (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2001), 242–48.
22. Axtell, “The Pleasures of Teaching History.”
23. Wineburg, Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts, 5.
24. Sam Wineburg et al., “Forrest Gump and the Future of Teaching the Past,” Phi Delta Kappan 89, no. 3 (November 2007): 233–55; Pace, “The Amateur in the Operating Room.”
25. Carl Wieman and Kathleen Perkins, “Transforming Physics Education,” Physics Today 58, no. 11 (2005): 36–41.
26. “Historical Thinking Matters,” http://historicalthinkingmatters.org/.
27. Daisy Martin and Sam Wineburg, “Seeing Thinking on the Web,” History Teacher 41, no. 3 (May 2008), http://www.historycooperative.org.mutex.gmu.edu/journals/ht/41.3/martin.html.
28. Wieman and Perkins, “Transforming Physics Education,” 3.
29. Bain, “Into the Breach: Using Research and Theory to Shape History Instruction,” 331; Lévesque, Thinking Historically, 27.
30. Edward H. Carr, What Is History? (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1962), 10–11.
31. Bain, “Into the Breach: Using Research and Theory to Shape History Instruction,” 332.
32. Paul Ward, Elements of Historical Thinking (Washington, D.C: American Historical Association, 1971), 4–5.
33. Peter Novick, That Noble Dream: The “Objectivity Question” and the American Historical Profession (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 26–30; George G. Iggers and James M. Powell, eds., Leopold Von Ranke and the Shaping of the Historical Discipline, 1st ed. (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1990), xix–xx.
34. Lévesque, Thinking Historically, 27; Seixas, “Schweigen! die Kinder!,” 24–25.
35. Wineburg, Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts, 5.
36. Jacobellis v. Ohio, 378 U.S. 184, 197 (1964).
37. On the disconnect between our expectations and our students' expectations, see Gerald Graff, Clueless in Academe: How Schooling Obscures the Life of the Mind (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003).
38. James J. Weingartner, “Trophies of War: U.S. Troops and the Mutilation of Japanese War Dead, 1941–1945,” Pacific Historical Review 61, no. 1 (February 1992): 53–67.
Chapter 2
1. John McClymer, The AHA Guide to Teaching and Learning With New Media (Washington, D.C: American Historical Association, 2005), 4–5.
2. Information R/evolution, 2007, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-4CV05HyAbM&feature=youtube_gdata.
3. Roy Rosenzweig, “Scarcity or Abundance? Preserving the Past in a Digital Era,” American Historical Review 108, no. 3 (June 2003): 738.
4. “How Tweet It Is!: Library Acquires Entire Twitter Archive,” Library of Congress Blog, http://blogs.loc.gov/loc/2010/04/how-tweet-it-is-library-acquires-entire-twitter-archive/.
5. http://marxists.org. Accessed May 11, 2010.
6. http://library.duke.edu/digitalcollections/adaccess/. Accessed May 11, 2010.
7. David Rumsey Map Collection, http://www.davidrumsey.com/ and http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/map_collection_guide.html. Accessed October 1, 2010.
8. George P. Landow, Hypertext 2.0 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), 183.
9. Alison J. Head, “Beyond Google: How Do Students Conduct Academic Research?,” First Monday 12, no. 8 (August 2007), http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/1998; and Karl V. Fast and D. Grant Campbell, “‘I Still Like Google’: University Student Perceptions of Searching OPACs and the Web,” in Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, vol. 41, 2004, 138–46.
10. Rosenzweig, “Scarcity or Abundance?,” 756.
11. José I. Castillo-Manzano and Lourdes López-Valpuestaa, “The Decline of the Traditional Travel Agent Model,” Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review 46, no. 5 (September 2010): 639–49.
12. See comments on the post: The Last American Pirate, “Videos,” http://lastamericanpirate.net/2008/12/03/videos/index.html. Accessed November 1, 2010.
13. Edwired, “Why I Won't Get Hired at Middlebury,” http://edwired.org/2007/01/26/why-i-wont-get-hired-at-middlebury/. Accessed September 27, 2010.
14. Olga Rieger, “Search Engine Use Behavior of Students and Faculty: User Perceptions and Implications for Future Research,” First Monday 14, no. 12 (December 2009), http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/2716/2385.
15. Flickr Commons: http://www.flickr.com/commons.
16. “Many Hands Make Light Work,” Flickr blog, http://blog.flickr.net/en/2008/01/16/many-hands-make-light-work/.
17. On the Dublin Core Metadata Initiative, see http://dublincore.org/.
18. Michael J. Galgano, J. Chris Arndt, and Raymond M. Hyser, Doing History: Research and Writing in the Digital Age, 1st ed. (Boston: Wadsworth Publishing, 2007).
19. Stephen Ramsay, “The Hermeneutics of Screwing Around; or What You Do with a Million Books,” unpublished paper, April 17, 2010.
20. Red-Color News Soldier: http://www.red-colornewssoldier.com/index.html. Titoville: http://www.titoville.com/. For reviews of these websites, see http://chnm.gmu.edu/worldhistorysources/d/348/whm.html and http://chnm.gmu.edu/worldhistorysources/d/43/whm.html. All accessed January 3, 2011.
21. Tweeting the Civil War, Washingtonpost.com: http://twitter.com/CivilWarwp/tweeting-the-civil-war. Accessed January 5, 2011.
22. Tweeting the Civil War, Washingtonpost.com: http://twitter.com/CivilWarwp/tweeting-the-civil-war. Accessed January 5, 2011.
23. Errol Morris, “Which Came First, the Chicken or the Egg? (Part One),” Opinionator, September 25, 2007, http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/09/25/which-came-first-the-chicken-or-the-egg-part-one/. Errol Morris, “Which Came First, the Chicken or the Egg? (Part Two),” Opinionator, October 23, 2007, http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/10/04/which-came-first-part-two/. Errol Morris, “Which Came First, the Chicken or the Egg? (Part Three): Can George, Lionel and Marmaduke Help Us Order the Fenton Photographs?,” Opinionator, http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/10/23/which-came-first-part-three-can-george-lionel-and-marmaduke-help-us-order-the-fenton-photographs/.
24. In our defense, we wrote this book at the behest of a publisher who wanted us to provide capsule reviews of websites already reviewed in our website, World History Sources (http://chnm.gmu.edu/worldhistorysources/), that could then be packaged with a textbook.
25. Wikiquote.org, “Adolf Hitler”, http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler. Accessed May 3, 2010.
26. On the problems posed by websites such as this one for students, see Kristin Lehner, Kelly Schrum, and T. Mills Kelly, World History Matters: A Student Guide to World History Online, 1st ed. (New York: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2008).
27. Adolf Hitler Historical Museum, http://www.hitler.org. Accessed May 3, 2010.
28. See, for example, the library website resource page for Mount Mercy College (Cedar Rapids, IA): http://www.mtmercy.edu/busselibrary/desktop/holoc/holoc2.html, accessed May 3, 2010; the popular Fordham University Library Modern History Sourcebook: http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook43.html.
29. http://www.randomhouse.com/catalog/display.pperl?isbn=9780385751063&view=rg. Accessed May 3, 2010.
30. “History Links,” Professor Michael J. Morgan, Rose State College, Oklahoma: http://www.rose.edu/faculty/mmorgan/ww2Pres.htm. Accessed May 3, 2010.
31. “Adolf Hitler”, Newsweekopedia, http://topics.newsweek.com/politics/adolf-hitler.htm. I say “unwittingly” here, because the link to the Museum website shows up on the Newsweek page in a list of “Web Search Results Powered by LiveSearch”—content ported into the site from elsewhere rather than placed on the site intentionally. Nevertheless, the uncritical way in which Newsweek reproduces links to such a website speaks volumes to the hazards of automated search and retrieval.
32. The issue of this particular website showing up so high in the Google search rankings was first aired by Randall Bytwerk on the H-German email discussion list on April 7, 2006. http://h-net.msu.edu/h-german. Bytwerk also published a similar piece on the History News Network (HNN) website on April 17, 2006, titled “Do Historians Have a Responsibility to Warn the Public About Misleading Websites?” http://hnn.us/articles/23723.html. Accessed May 3, 2010.
33. “About,” Making the History of 1989, http://chnm.gmu.edu/1989/about. Accessed May 3, 2010.
34. http://www.archive.org/index.php.
35. http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://hitler.org.
36. http://web.archive.org/web/20010420090126/http://www.hitler.org/.
37. Roy Rosenzweig, “Digital Archives Are a Gift of Wisdom to Be Used Wisely,” Chronicle of Higher Education, June 24, 2005.
38. http://digitool1.lva.lib.va.us, call number G3841.P15 1849.M58. Accessed May 19, 2010.
39. Martin Luther King Jr. community page, Facebook.com. Accessed May 10, 2010, at 2:00 p.m. EST. I cite the date and time because these posts harvested from the Facebook community scroll constantly, and so disappear quickly from the main page.
40. Button offered for sale at http://www.toppun.com/Martin-Luther-King/Buttons/Everything-that-is-done-in-the-world-is-done-by-hope-Martin-Luther-King-Jr-BUTTON.html. Accessed May 11, 2010.
41. See http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PbUtL_0vAJk, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o0FiCxZKuv8, and http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cmOBbxgxKvo. A second version of the “I Have a Dream” speech showed up in third position. All accessed May 10, 2010.
42. For a useful comparison of the basic elements of these packages, see “Comparison of reference management software,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_reference_management_software, accessed December 27, 2011. Websites for these software packages are http://zotero.org, http://mendeley.com, and http://www.connotea.org/.
43. “Personalized Search for Everyone,” Official Google blog, http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2009/12/personalized-search-for-everyone.html. Accessed December 27, 2011.
44. For more on this issue, see Eli Pariser, The Filter Bubble. What the Internet Is Hiding from You (New York: Viking, 2011).
Chapter 3
1. On the emergence of digital libraries, see Gregory Crane, “What Do You Do with a Million Books?,” D-Lib Magazine 12, no. 3 (March 2006), http://digitalhumanities.org/dhq/vol/3/2/000041/000041.html.
2. At the founding of the new republic in 1918, Klofáč became the new state's first minister of defense while Kramář became the first foreign minister.
3. William J. Turkel, “Text Mining the DCB, Part 1,” Digital History Hacks (2005–8), January 28, 2006, http://digitalhistoryhacks.blogspot.com/2006/01/text-mining-dcb-part-1.html.
4. “What Do You Do with a Million Books?”
5. Sam Wineburg, “Probing the Depths of Students' Historical Knowledge—Perspectives (March 1992)—American Historical Association,” Perspectives 30 (March 1992), http://www.historians.org/perspectives/issues/1992/9203/9203TEC1.cfm.
6. “Be the Historian,” World History Sources, http://chnm.gmu.edu/worldhistorysources/unpacking/acctsq2.php?account=no. Accessed December 3, 2010. For a second example of this Web 1.0 approach, see “Try it Yourself,” History Matters, http://historymatters.gmu.edu/mse/letters/try5.html. Accessed December 3, 2010.
7. John Unsworth, “New Methods for Humanities Research” (lecture, the Lyman Award Lecture, National Humanities Center, November 11, 2005), http://www3.isrl.illinois.edu/~unsworth/lyman.htm.
8. On recombinant documents, see William Gibson, “God's Little Toys,” Wired, July 2005, http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/13.07/gibson.html; Daniel J. Cohen, “History and the Second Decade of the Web,” Rethinking History 8, no. 2 (June 2004): 293–301.
9. Kevin Kelly, “Scan This Book!,” New York Times, May 14, 2006, http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/14/magazine/14publishing.html?pagewanted=4.
10. http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/archives/facts.jsp. Accessed May 20, 2010.
11. http://www.lexisnexis.com/about-us. Accessed May 20, 2010.
12. http://www.europeana.eu/portal/aboutus.html. Accessed May 20, 2010.
13. http://www.proquest.com/en-US/catalogs/databases/detail/pq-hist-news.shtml. Accessed May 20, 2010.
14. Jeffrey Heer, Michael Bostock, and Vadim Ogievetsky, “A Tour through the Visualization Zoo—ACM Queue,” ACMQueue, May 13, 2010, http://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=1805128.
15. Mark Bauerlein, The Dumbest Generation: How the Digital Age Stupefies Young Americans and Jeopardizes Our Future. (New York: Penguin, 2009), 26. Barbara Tischler, “Teaching World History: Issues and Possibilities,” Perspectives (October 2009), http://www.historians.org/perspectives/issues/2009/0910/0910tea4.cfm.
16. Dennis Reinhartz and Stephen E. Maizlish, Essays on Walter Prescott Webb and the Teaching of History, 1st ed. (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1985), 79–98.
17. For examples of how a geographer and a historian explain maps to students, see Joni Seager, “Maps,” World History Sources, http://chnm.gmu.edu/worldhistorysources/unpacking/mapsmain.html, and Gerald Danzer, “Maps,” World History Sources, http://chnm.gmu.edu/worldhistorysources/analyzing/maps/analyzingmapsintro.html. Both accessed May 27, 2010.
18. http://bbs.keyhole.com/ubb/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=1185352#Post1185352. Accessed June 3, 2010.
19. Light and Shadows: Emma Goldman 1910–1916, http://gray.ischool.berkeley.edu/emma/. Accessed May 15, 2010.
20. NS-Crimes in Vienna, http://www.ns-verbrechen.at/. Accessed January 7, 2011. This website no longer exists but can be viewed at the Internet Archive (archive.org).
21. Digital Harlem: Everyday Life 1915–1930, http://acl.arts.usyd.edu.au/harlem/. Accessed January 11, 2011.
22. “Hypercities,” http://hypercities.com/. Accessed June 7, 2010.
23. Tim O'Reilly, “What Is Web 2.0—O'Reilly Media,” O'Reilly, http://oreilly.com/web2/archive/what-is-web-20.html; Tim O'Reilly and John Battelle, “Web Squared: Web 2.0 Five Years On” (lecture, presented at the Web 2.0 Summit, San Francisco, October 2009), http://www.web2summit.com/web2009/public/schedule/detail/10194.
24. Katrina pics in Flickr, http://pipes.yahoo.com/pipes/pipe.info?_id=KjeIBsjN3BGfn99dl7okhQ.
25. HistoryPin, http://www.historypin.com/. As of June 27, 2011, almost 50,000 images had already been geotagged in this database, and some were organized into collections, such a one focusing on British royal weddings of the past.
26. See, for instance, David H. Pinkney, The French Revolution of 1830 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1972), vii.
27. William Turkel, “Clustering with Compression,” Digital History Hacks (2005–8), June 27, 2007, http://digitalhistoryhacks.blogspot.com/2007/06/clustering-with-compression.html. Accessed June 7, 2010.
28. William Turkel, “Text Mining the DCB, Part 1,” Digital History Hacks (2005–8), January 28, 2006, http://digitalhistoryhacks.blogspot.com/2006/01/text-mining-dcb-part-1.html.
29. Heer, Bostock, and Ogievetsky, “A Tour through the Visualization Zoo—ACM Queue.”
30. That Hitler's rhetoric shifted according to his audience is an argument historians of the Nazi movement have made for decades. What is lacking, however, is a comprehensive analysis of all of Hitler's speeches from his appearance on the public stage to the outbreak of the war in 1939. Important studies, like William Sheridan Allen's The Nazi Seizure of Power: The Experience of a Single German Town, 1922–1945, (New York: F. Watts, 1984), make this argument, but are necessarily limited to small geographic areas because Allen did not have the advantage of being able to work with such a massive corpus of text.
31. Patricia Cohen, “Humanities Scholars Embrace Digital Technology,” New York Times, November 16, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/17/arts/17digital.html?_r=1; Dan Cohen, “Enhancing Historical Research with Text-Mining and Analysis Tools,” dancohen.org, February 4, 2008, http://www.dancohen.org/2008/02/04/enhancing-historical-research-with-text-mining-and-analysis-tools/; Richard J. Cox, “Machines in the Archive: Technology and the Coming Transformation of Archival Reference,” First Monday 12, no. 11 (November 2007), http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/2029.
32. http://manyeyes.alphaworks.ibm.com/manyeyes/.
33. Dan Cohen, “It's About Russia,” dancohen.org, http://www.dancohen.org/2007/03/06/its-about-russia/. Accessed June 7, 2010.
34. “Visualizing Millions of Words,” Edwired.org, December 17, 2010. Accessed December 8, 2011.
35. Dan Cohen, “10 Most Popular History Syllabi,” dancohen.org, January 11, 2006, http://www.dancohen.org/blog/posts/10_most_popular_history_syllabi. Accessed June 10, 2010.
36. For more on the Syllabus Finder, see Daniel J. Cohen, “By the Book: Assessing the Place of Textbooks in U.S. Survey Courses,” Journal of American History 91, no. 4 (March 2005), http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jah/91.4/cohen.html.
37. Cited in Bei Yu, Stefan Kaufmann, and Daniel Diermeier, “Classifying Party Political Affiliation from Political Speech,” Journal of Information Technology & Politics 5, no. 1 (2008): 33–49.
38. Yu, Kaufmann, and Diermeier, “Classifying Party Political Affiliation from Political Speech,” 44–45.
39. Jeremy Douglass, “Software Studies: Cultural Pattern Recognition, or Seeing Through Images: Automatic Analysis of Visual Media and User Interactions,” Softwarestudies.com, November 7, 2008, http://lab.softwarestudies.com/2008/05/seeing-through-images-content-analysis.html.
40. Ching-chih Chen et al., “Digital Imagery for Significant Cultural and Historical Materials,” International Journal on Digital Libraries 5 (2005): 279.
41. See, for instance, Thomas Deselaers and Vittorio Ferrari, “Global and Efficient Self-Similarity for Object Classification and Detection” (lecture, the IEEE Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, San Francisco, 2010).
42. PhotoDNA, http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/presskits/photodna/. Accessed June 27, 2011.
43. “Dorothea Lange's ‘Migrant Mother’ Photographs in the Farm Security Administration Collection: An Overview—Guides, Reference Aids, and Finding Aids (Prints and Photographs Reading Room, Library of Congress),” http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/list/128_migm.html.
Chapter 4
1. For a quick summary of the history of printing, see Elizabeth L. Eisenstein, The Printing Press as an Agent of Change: Communications and Cultural Transformations in Early-Modern Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979).
2. See, for instance, the PressForward initiative at the Center for History and New Media: http://pressforward.org/.
3. On the growing disconnect between historians and the general public, see Bob Thompson, “Lessons We May Be Doomed To Repeat; American Historians Talk About War, but Is Anyone Listening?” Washington Post, January 11, 2004; and “The Shrinking Historian,” Edwired, October 10, 2007, http://edwired.org/2007/10/10/the-shrinking-historian/. Accessed November 6, 2010.
4. “The Five Page Paper and the History Degree,” Edwired.org, May 23, 2011.
5. Eisenstein, The Printing Press as an Agent of Change.
6. “85% of College Students Use Facebook,” TechCrunch, September 7, 2005; on Facebook and college students, see fredstutzman.com.
7. Paul Taylor and Scott Keeter, Millennials: Confident. Connected. Open to Change.—Pew Social & Demographic Trends (Pew Research Center, February 2010), http://pewsocialtrends.org/pubs/751/millennials-confident-connected-open-to-change; and Mizuko Ito, Becky Herr-Stephenson, Dan Perkel, and Christo Sims, eds., Hanging Out, Messing Around, and Geeking Out: Kids Living and Learning with New Media (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2009).
8. On the impact of technologies on students and their writing, see J. David Bolter, Remediation: Understanding New Media (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999); J. David Bolter, Writing Space: Computers, Hypertext, and the Remediation of Print, 2nd ed. (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2001).
9. Hart Research Associates, Raising The Bar: Employers' Views On College Learning In The Wake Of The Economic Downturn (Washington, D.C., January 2010).
10. “The Five Page Paper and the History Degree,” Edwired, May 23, 2011, http://edwired.org/2011/05/23/the-five-page-paper-and-the-future-of-the-history-degree/. Accessed June 2, 2011.
11. For an example of a book originally written in chunks, see McKenzie Wark, GAM3R 7H30RY (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007), http://www.futureofthebook.org/gamertheory/.
12. Richard J. Light, “Writing and Student Engagement,” Peer Review 6, no. 1 (September 2003): 28–31; Uri Treisman, “Studying Students Studying Calculus: A Look at the Lives of Minority Mathematics Students in College,” College Mathematics Journal 23, no. 5 (November 1992): 362–72.
13. For more on online collaborations, see Rena M. Palloff and Keith Pratt, Collaborating Online: Learning Together in Community (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2005), and John F. Lyons, Teaching History Online (New York: Routledge, 2009), 40–42.
14. Natasha Müller, Halt! Grenze, (2009), http://chnm.gmu.edu/freedomwithoutwalls/news/mason-student-art-exhibit.html.
15. Chad Gaffield, “Toward the Coach in the History Classroom,” Canadian Issues (Fall 2001): 12.
16. The website of the Preservation Association is http://www.honorfairfaxcemeteries.org/.
17. The database the students created is at http://mycemetery.org.
18. Kimberly Harney, “A Student's Unexpected Cemetery Discovery,” Fairfax County Park Authority, ResOURces 11, no. 2 (Summer 2011): 8.
19. Lendol Calder, “Uncoverage: Toward a Signature Pedagogy for the History Survey,” Journal of American History 92, no. 4 (March 2006), http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jah/92.4/calder.html.
20. Grant P Wiggins, Understanding by Design, Merrill education/ASCD college textbook series, 2nd ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill/Prentice Hall, 2005), 17–21.
21. Michael Wesch, “The Machine is Us/ing Us,” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6gmP4nk0EOE. Accessed June 8, 2011.
22. Edward Tufte, “PowerPoint Is Evil,” Wired, September 2003, http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/11.09/ppt2.html. Accessed October 11, 2010.
23. John McClymer, The AHA Guide to Teaching and Learning With New Media (Washington, D.C: American Historical Association, 2005), 5.
24. Calder, “Uncoverage.”
25. Tufte, “PowerPoint Is Evil.”
26. Peter Norvig, “The Gettysburg PowerPoint Presentation,” http://norvig.com/Gettysburg/. Accessed June 1, 2011.
27. David Voelker, “History and the Changing Landscape of Information: Blogging for Your Students,” Perspectives (May 2007), http://www.historians.org/perspectives/issues/2007/0705/0705tec7.cfm.
28. See, for example, “Events: The History Student: Kathleen's History and Culture blog,” http://kathleenmcil.wordpress.com/category/events/.
29. http://www.dancohen.org/clio-wired/. Accessed June 9, 2011.
30. “The ECAR Study of Undergraduate Students and Information Technology, 2010,” EDUCAUSE, October 2010, 4.
31. “Twitter for Academia,” AcademHack, January 23, 2008, http://academhack.outsidethetext.com/home/2008/twitter-for-academia/. Accessed June 23, 2011. See also Mark Sample, “Practical Advice for Teaching with Twitter,” ProfHacker, August 25, 2010, http://chronicle.com/blogs/profhacker/practical-advice-for-teaching-with-twitter/26416. Accessed December 1, 2011.
32. http://edwired.org/2005/12/14/whither-wiki/.
33. http://edwired.org/2007/01/26/why-i-wont-get-hired-at-middlebury/.
34. Mark Phillipson, “Wikis in the Classroom: A Taxonomy,” in Wiki Writing: Collaborative Learning in the College Classroom, ed. Robert E. Cummings and Matt Barton (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2008), 19–43.
35. The relevant Wikipedia policies can be found at Wikipedia: Neutral Point of View, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view&oldid=429761703;Wikipedia: No original research, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:No_original_research&oldid=433709801;Wikipedia: Verifiability, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Verifiability&oldid=433820537;Wikipedia: Notability, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Notability&oldid=433454644. All accessed June 14, 2011.
36. Roy Rosenzweig, “Can History Be Open Source? Wikipedia and the Future of the Past,” Journal of American History 93, no. 1 (June 2006): 117–46.
37. Rosenzweig, “Can History Be Open Source?”
38. Dan Gilbert, Helen L. Chen, and Jeremy Sabol, “Building Learning Communities With Wikis,” 71; Thomas Nelson, “Writing in the Wikishop: Constructing Knowledge in the Electronic Classroom,” in Wiki Writing; and Michael J. Jacobson, Designs for Learning Environments of the Future (New York: Springer, 2009), 150.
39. Nelson, “Writing in the Wikishop: Constructing Knowledge in the Electronic Classroom,” 194–95.
40. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donner_Party&direction=prev&oldid=50577380.
41. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donner_Party&direction=next&oldid=50355986.
42. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donner_Party&oldid=51286585.
43. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donner_Party&oldid=436095208.
44. “Donner Party,” http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donner_Party&oldid=463503809. Accessed December 8, 2011.
45. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_and_Catherine_Birnie.
Chapter 5
1. Anonymous respondent to a survey by the American Historical Association, 2010, quoted in Robert Townsend, “Assimilation of New Media into History Teaching: Some Snapshots from the Edge,” Perspectives (December 2010), http://www.historians.org/perspectives/issues/2010/1012/1012pro1.cfm. Accessed February 11, 2011.
2. A student in one of my history classes describing a mash-up video he created (see account of this student's work in the introduction).
3. Townsend, “Assimilation of New Media into History Teaching.”
4. “User-Generated Content | Pew Research Center's Internet & American Life Project,” http://www.pewinternet.org/Presentations/2006/UserGenerated-Content.aspx. “Generations 2010 | Pew Research Center's Internet & American Life Project,” http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2010/Generations-2010.aspx. “Social Media and Young Adults | Pew Research Center's Internet & American Life Project,” http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2010/Social-Media-and-Young-Adults.aspx.
5. “Social Media and Young Adults | Pew Research Center's Internet & American Life Project,” http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2010/Social-Media-and-Young-Adults.aspx.
6. Marie Antoinette (Dir. Sofia Coppola, Sony Pictures, 2007); Seth Grahame-Smith, Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter (New York: Grand Central Publishing, 2010); Jane Austen and Ben H. Winters, Sense and Sensibility and Sea Monsters (Philadelphia: Quirk Books, 2009).
7. Natalie Zemon Davis, Slaves on Screen: Film and Historical Vision (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002), 2–4.
8. Davis, Slaves on Screen, 4.
9. Stéphane Lévesque, Thinking Historically: Educating Students for the Twenty-First Century (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2008), 20–21.
10. Neil Stephenson, “Remixing History: The Cigar Box Project” (lecture, the K12 Online Conference 2010, Calgary, Alberta, 2009), http://k12onlineconference.org/?p=459.
11. “Little man vs. big machine,” 2006, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u7Mf9j8co70&feature=youtube_gdata.
12. Davis, Slaves on Screen, 2. See also Peter Lambert and Philip Schofield, Making History: An Introduction to the History and Practices of a Discipline (London: Routledge, 2004), 251–53.
13. “An Anthropological Introduction to YouTube,” 2008, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TPAO-lZ4_hU&feature=youtube_gdata.
14. Amy Burvall and Herb Mahelona, “What I Learned from Napoleon and MTV,” TEDxHonolulu, November 22, 2011: http://www.youtube.com/user/historyteachers?blend=1&ob=video-mustangbase#p/a/f/0/44jxjM_7jnY. Accessed December 27, 2011.
15. T. Mills Kelly, “Why I Won't Get Hired at Middlebury,” Edwired, January 26, 2007, http://edwired.org/2007/01/26/why-i-wont-get-hired-at-middlebury/.
16. On how important it is to let young people be creative online, see Mizuko Ito et al., Hanging Out, Messing Around, and Geeking Out: Kids Living and Learning with New Media (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2010), 243–93.
17. Yoni Applebaum, “How the Professor Who Fooled Wikipedia Got Caught By Reddit,” The Atlantic.com, May 15, 2012.
18. Edward Owens: Discussion, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Edward_Owens. Accessed June 27, 2011. In January 2011, the Edwards Owens hoax even made TechWorld.com's list of the Top Ten hoaxes in Wikipedia history: http://features.techworld.com/applications/3256949/the-10-biggest-hoaxes-in-wikipedias-first-10-years/.
19. Carl Becker, “Everyman His Own Historian,” December 29, 1931, http://www.historians.org/info/AHA_history/clbecker.htm.
20. Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War, trans. Richard Crawley (New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., 1914), 14–15.
21. Bruce A. VanSledright, “Can Ten-Year-Olds Learn to Investigate History as Historians Do?” OAH Newsletter (August 2000), http://www.oah.org/pubs/nl/2000aug/vansledright.html. See also Lévesque, Thinking Historically, 11. For a full description of what I did in that fifth grade class, see “I'll Go First”: http://www.playingwithhistory.com/ill-go-first/.
22. For a more complete description of what happened with those fifth graders, see T. Mills Kelly, “I'll Go First,” Playing With Technology in History, http://www.playingwithhistory.com/ill-go-first/. Accessed May 12, 2010.
23. On why blaming students is a bad idea, see Uri Treisman, “Studying Students Studying Calculus: A Look at the Lives of Minority Mathematics Students in College,” College Mathematics Journal 23, no. 5 (November 1992): 362–72; Carl Wieman and Kathleen Perkins, “Transforming Physics Education,” Physics Today 58, no. 11 (2005): 36–41.
24. John Jeremiah Sullivan, “Violence of the Lambs,” GQ, February 2008, 118–21, 187–91.
25. The syllabus is available at http://chnm.gmu.edu/history/faculty/kelly/blogs/h389/f08syl.pdf. The class blog, which the students stopped using midsemester once they started work on their hoax, is at http://chnm.gmu.edu/history/faculty/kelly/blogs/h389/.
26. The books assigned in the course were John Mitchinson and John Lloyd, The Book of General Ignorance; Robert Harris, Selling Hitler: The Extraordinary Story of the Con Job of the Century; Robert Silverberg, Scientists and Scoundrels: A Book of Hoaxes; and Michael Farquhar, A Treasury of Deception: Liars, Misleaders, Hoodwinkers, and the Extraordinary True Stories of History's Greatest Hoaxes, Fakes and Frauds. The video of The Old Negro Space Program can be found at .http://negrospaceprogram.com/blog/nsp-movie. For more on the Czech Dream, see Česky sen, http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0402906/.
27. See, for instance, John Biggs, “The Junkman's Dilemma: How the Internet Has Changed How We See History,” TechCrunch.com, May 6, 2012, and Brendon Fitzgerald, “Here There Be Monsters,” TheMorningNews.org, September 14, 2012.
28. Finding out about the real Edward Owens taught my students how to use genealogical databases such as Ancestry.com. According to the U.S. Census of 1910, the Edward Owens who lived in the region was fifty-seven years old and so would have been twelve when the Civil War ended in 1865. If anyone interested in the project had bothered to check this fact, the entire house of cards would have collapsed, but the students assumed, correctly it turned out, that no one would go to that much trouble.
29. http://lastamericanpirate.net/2008/09/03/hello-world/index.html.
30. The videos created by the class can be seen at http://www.youtube.com/user/janebrowning. Their version of the Wikipedia entry is at http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_Owens&oldid=256742352.
31. See the official website of International Talk Like a Pirate Day at http://www.talklikeapirate.com/.
32. See, for example, Jim Groom's blog, bavatuesdays, at http://bavatuesdays.com/the-last-american-pirate/.
33. http://twitter.com/digitalhumanist/status/1036654663.
34. Groom, bavatuesdays, http://bavatuesdays.com/the-last-american-pirate/.
35. http://lastamericanpirate.net/2008/12/03/videos/index.html#comments.
36. See, for instance, Jennifer Howard, “Teaching by Lying: Professor Unveils ‘Last Pirate’ Hoax,” Chronicle of Higher Education, December 19, 2008, http://chronicle.com/article/Teaching-by-Lying-Professor/1420, and Jerry Griffith, “Pi-rates,” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6RT9ZwlNLeY. For reactions to the hoax in the blogosphere, see the following posts in my blog, Edwired, http://edwired.org/?p=418, and http://edwired.org/?p=446. As a postscript to this particular controversy, had any of those taken in by the hoax bothered to look up the domain registry, they would have seen it belongs to me, not to Jane Browning: http://whois.domaintools.com/lastamericanpirate.net.
37. Thomas J. Scott and Michael K. O'Sullivan, “Analyzing Student Search Strategies: Making a Case for Integrating Information Literacy Skills into the Curriculum—Technology News—redOrbit,” Teacher Librarian 33, no. 1 (October 2005), http://www.redorbit.com/news/technology/290927/analyzing_student_search_strategies_making_a_case_for_integrating_information/.
38. Lévesque, Thinking Historically, 27.
39. Comment by Kelly on “Was the Last American Pirate ‘Authentic’?” Edwired.org, April 13, 2010.
40. H. L. Mencken, “A Neglected Anniversary,” New York Evening Mail, December 28, 1917.
41. http://doctorbs.blogspot.com/2009/01/how-do-you-know-its-true.html.
42. Beverley C. Southgate, History Meets Fiction, 1st ed. (Harlow, England: Pearson/Longman, 2009), 153.
43. “BERT IS EVIL - The Only Official Evil Portal,” http://www.bertisevil.tv/.
44. Roy Rosenzweig, “Scarcity or Abundance? Preserving the Past in a Digital Era,” American Historical Review 108, no. 3 (June 2003): 735–62. The Bert website now lives at http://www.bertisevil.tv. On the disappearing Trotsky, see “The Commissar Vanishes,” http://www.newseum.org/berlinwall/commissar_vanishes/index.htm. Accessed May 25, 2010.
45. http://lastamericanpirate.net/2008/11/12/last-will-and-testament-of-edward-owens/index.html.
46. Comment by Kristin M. on “You Were Warned,” Edwired.org, January 3, 2009.
47. On these two controversies, see “How the Ambrose Story Developed,” History News Network, http://hnn.us/articles/504.html; “How the Goodwin Story Developed,” History News Network, http://hnn.us/articles/590.html. Both accessed May 25, 2010.
48. On ethics in history education, see Lendol Calder, “Not Dr. Laura,” Reviews in American History 28, no. 2 (2000): 318–26; “How the Ambrose Story Developed,” http://hnn.us/articles/504.html.
49. Southgate, History Meets Fiction, 23.
50. Four Point Report, January 4, 2009, http://fourpointreport.com/blog/?p=117. Accessed June 27, 2010. The Four Point Report has since been removed from the Internet.
51. Four Point Report, January 4, 2009, http://fourpointreport.com/blog/?p=117.
52. See, for instance, Tech Therapy, “Wikipedia's Co-Founder Calls for Better Information Literacy,” http://chronicle.com/article/Audio-Wikipedias-Co-Founder/65841/. In this podcast interview Jimmy Wales describes himself as “really, really, really” annoyed by projects such as those undertaken in this class. He does, however, admit to having been unfamiliar with the course until the podcast host posed a question about it.
53. http://edwired.org/?p=418#comment-28716.
54. “discovery and creation…and lies,” info-fetishist.org, http://info-fetishist.org/2009/01/03/discovery-and-creation-and-lies/. Accessed May 26, 2010.
55. “Edward Owens, “Pirate and Hoax: Shiver Me Timbers!,” Cathy Davidson (HASTAC), http://www.hastac.org/node/1858. Accessed May 26, 2010.
56. Comment by Kelly on “Was the Last American Pirate Authentic?” http://edwired.org/?p=608#comments.
57. For a further meditation on pushing the boundaries of our understanding of the relationships between historical and geographical information, see Jo Guldi, Inscape, http://landscape.blogspot.com/ Accessed August 15, 2010.
58. Pyramid at Chichen Itza, http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:4155.
59. Gothic Cathedral Play Set, http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:2030.
Conclusion
1. Felix Gillette, “The Rise and Inglorious Fall of MySpace,” BusinessWeek, June 22, 2011, http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/11_27/b4235053917570.htm.
2. “Friendster,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendster. Accessed June 20, 2011.
3. “Google Geo Developers Blog: Big Birthday…Google Maps API Turns 5!,” Google Geo Developers Blog, June 29, 2010, http://googlegeodevelopers.blogspot.com/2010/06/big-birthday-google-maps-api-turns-5.html.
4. Weaving History, http://www.weavinghistory.org/. Accessed June 29, 2011.