Grassroots at the Gateway: Class Politics and Black Freedom Struggle in St. Louis, 1936-75

Notes

Notes INTRODUCTION 1. Ken Leiser and Paul Hampel, “Group Demands That 35 Pct. of Jobs on Project Go to Minorities,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch, July 13, 1999, 1; Alvin A. Reid, “Protesters Turning on to Highway 40,” St. Louis American, July 15–21, 1999, 1; and Sundiata Keita Cha-Jua, “‘No Piece, No Peace’: Class Contradictions in the Resurging Black Freedom Movement,” Black World Today, August 2, 1999, http://www.tbwt.com. 2. Earl Lewis, In Their Own Interests: Race, Class, and Power in Twentieth-Century Norfolk, Virginia (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1991), 5–6. See also Joe William Trotter Jr., “African-American Workers: New Directions in U.S. Labor Historiography,” Labor History 35 (Fall 1994): 495–523; and Kenneth W. Goings and Raymond A. Mohl, eds., The New African American Urban History (Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage, 1996). For a rich discussion of the much longer history of black labor studies pioneered by African American scholars, see Francille Rusan Wilson, The Segregated Scholars: Black Social Scientists and the Creation of Black Labor Studies, 1890–1950 (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2006). 3. Robin D. G. Kelley, Race Rebels: Culture, Politics, and the Black Working Class (New York: Free Press, 1996), 4–5, 7–8; Kenneth W. Goings and Gerald L. Smith, “‘Unhidden Transcripts’: Memphis and African American Agency, 1862–1920,” Journal of Urban History 21 (March 1995): 372–94; Joe William Trotter Jr., Black Milwaukee : The Making of an Industrial Proletariat, 1915–45, 2nd ed. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2007), 62–64; Rod Bush, We Are Not What We Seem: Black Nationalism and Class Struggle in the American Century (New York: New York University Press, 1999), 99; Kimberley L. Phillips, Alabama North: African-American Migrants, Community, and Working-Class Activism in Cleveland, 1915–45 (Urbana : University of Illinois Press, 1999), 11–12, 123–26; and Hayward Derrick Horton, Beverlyn Lundy Allen, Cedric Herring and Melvin E. Thomas, “Lost in the Storm: The Sociology of the Black Working Class, 1850 to 1990,” American Sociological Review 65 (2000): 129. 4. Darlene Clark Hine, “Black Professionals and Race Consciousness: Origins of the Civil Rights Movement, 1890–1950,” Journal of American History 89 (2003): 1279–94; Martin Summers, Manliness and Its Discontents: The Black Middle 255 Class and the Transformation of Masculinity, 1900–1930 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004); Adam Green, Selling the Race: Culture, Community, and Black Chicago, 1940–1955 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006); Trotter, Black Milwaukee, 18, 32–33; Joe William Trotter, Coal, Class, and Color: Blacks in Southern West Virginia, 1915–32 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1990), 52–54, 177; Lewis, In Their Own Interests, 19, 63, 87; Earl Lewis, “Connecting Memory, Self, and the Power of Place in African American Urban History,” in Goings and Mohl, African American Urban History, 127–28; Richard W. Thomas, Life for Us Is What We Make It: Building Black Community in Detroit, 1915–1945 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992), 247–48; and Henry Louis Taylor Jr. and Song-Ho Ha, “A Unity of Opposites: The Black College-Educated Elite, Black Workers, and the Community Development Process,” in Historical Roots of the Urban Crisis: African Americans in the Industrial City, 1900–1950, ed. Henry Louis Taylor Jr. and Walter Hill (New York: Garland, 2000), 35. Historian Kimberley L. Phillips is one scholar who has disputed the idea that black workers characteristically aligned themselves with black middle-class professionals in the interests of racial unity. See Phillips, Alabama North, 10–11, 266 n. 33. 5. Lewis, In Their Own Interests, 187; Horton et al., “Lost in the Storm”; Trotter , Black Milwaukee, 73–74, 82; Thomas, Life for Us, 46; Julian Bond, “The Politics of Civil Rights History,” in New Directions in Civil Rights Studies, ed. Armstead L. Robinson and Patricia Sullivan (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1991), 15; Manning Marable, Race, Reform, and Rebellion: The Second Reconstruction and Beyond in Black America, 1945–2006, 3rd ed. (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi , 2007), 112; Nancy MacLean, Freedom Is Not Enough: The Opening of the American Workplace (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2006), 4–5, 342; and Laurie B. Green, Battling the Plantation Mentality: Memphis and the Black Freedom Struggle (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007), 2–3. See also Jack M. Bloom, Class, Race, and the Civil Rights Movement (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987), 171–73, 219. 6. Taylor and Ha, “A Unity of Opposites,” 42; Kevin K. Gaines, Uplifting the Race: Black Leadership, Politics...