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118 The Frontier of Loyalty its conventions meaningless. It results from the growing acknowledgment by governments that the use of nonrecognition as a political weapon to delegitimize opponent regimes may be ineffective or even counterproductive. A critic of the United States's nonrecognition policy in Latin America, Africa, and east Asia has observed that the real victim of the practice "has been the global diplomacy of the United States. When regular channels of official contact are choked off, protection of United States interests and achievement of United States objectives becomes much more difficult."31 Perhaps the lesson was assimilated; in any case the United States has maintained its recognition of Ortega's Sandinista government while at the same time subsidizing and leading the exile Contra government in its struggle to overthrow the regime in Managua. As one can see, the type of recognition and the diplomatic status conferred by states on exile groups or home regimes does not always reflect the degree of commitment of these states to either. Considerations as to the legality and legitimacy of the political exiles and the home regime become subordinate to the political objectives of the recognizing governments themselves. Rationales for Support by Other Nations International patrons are led to support political exiles by two general and often correlated motivations: ideological and political. Ideological sympathy and humanitarian concerns are primary motivations behind civil society's support, whereas governments generally orient their policies toward exiles to promote their own political objectives. Exiles seek and find support for their goals in subsystems of the state and international communities that share their goals. Manyexile organizations find allies among cultural, humanitarian, and religious organizations, labor unions, political parties, student groups, and their own ideological counterparts abroad. These groups render political and moral sympathy and provide effective aid as an expression of their ideological and moral support. They may distribute funds to the exile organizations as refugee relief agencies, with or without the knowledge that their contributions are being manipulated by exile leaders as tools in their internal rivalries32 or even being used to procure arms. The degree and forms of such societal involvement in the activities of exile groups vary dramatically from one country to another. They depend primarily on the country's political system and in particular on the official stance of the government regarding the exiles' conflict 118 The Frontier of Loyalty its conventions meaningless. It results from the growing acknowledgment by governments that the use of nonrecognition as a political weapon to delegitimize opponent regimes may be ineffective or even counterproductive. A critic of the United States's nonrecognition policy in Latin America, Africa, and east Asia has observed that the real victim of the practice "has been the global diplomacy of the United States. When regular channels of official contact are choked off, protection of United States interests and achievement of United States objectives becomes much more difficult."31 Perhaps the lesson was assimilated; in any case the United States has maintained its recognition of Ortega's Sandinista government while at the same time subsidizing and leading the exile Contra government in its struggle to overthrow the regime in Managua. As one can see, the type of recognition and the diplomatic status conferred by states on exile groups or home regimes does not always reflect the degree of commitment of these states to either. Considerations as to the legality and legitimacy of the political exiles and the home regime become subordinate to the political objectives of the recognizing governments themselves. Rationales for Support by Other Nations International patrons are led to support political exiles by two general and often correlated motivations: ideological and political. Ideological sympathy and humanitarian concerns are primary motivations behind civil society's support, whereas governments generally orient their policies toward exiles to promote their own political objectives. Exiles seek and find support for their goals in subsystems of the state and international communities that share their goals. Manyexile organizations find allies among cultural, humanitarian, and religious organizations, labor unions, political parties, student groups, and their own ideological counterparts abroad. These groups render political and moral sympathy and provide effective aid as an expression of their ideological and moral support. They may distribute funds to the exile organizations as refugee relief agencies, with or without the knowledge that their contributions are being manipulated by exile leaders as tools in their internal rivalries32 or even being used to procure arms. The degree and forms of such societal involvement in the activities of...

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