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NOTES introduction 1. Schedel 1493; Wilson 1976. On Schedel’s career, library, and work, see Zahn’s introduction to Wilson 1976; Vogel 1994. Carion’s brief German Chronica was ‹rst published in Augsburg in 1532. On Carion (Johannes Nägelin) and his career, see Benning [1999]. For the translation into Latin and the revisions, rewriting, and updating by Melanchthon and Peucer, see Bauer [1999]; Miegge 1995, 49–66. Giovio 1957–85; the Histories were ‹rst published in 1550 and 1552. On Giovio and his work, see Zimmerman 1995a; regarding early editions of the Histories, ibid., 263, 289. 2. Burke 2003, 294–95. 3. See Grafton and Siraisi 2001. 4. Frijhoff 1996a. 5. For graduate physicians in Tuscany, see Cipolla 1976, 80, 118–24. The presence of relatively large numbers of graduate physicians in the area re›ected the number of universities in northern and central Italy. For numbers and sites of universities and university foundations in the sixteenth century, see Frijhoff 1996b, especially 80–87, 90–97; for chairs at Bologna, Dallari 1888–91, vol. 2; for careers and writings of professors, Mazzetti 1847. On medicine as a profession and the medical hierarchy in early seventeenth-century Italy, see Gentilcore 1997. 6. Siraisi 1997, 212; Mazzetti 1847, s.v. “Pellegrino.” I have not seen Giovanni Battista Pellegrini’s De causa continente, deque morbo ‹ente disceptatio (Bologna, 1561) or De ratione cognoscendi signa, et causas morborum ferè omnium ‹entium in corpore humano (Bologna, 1571) (which may be two versions of the same work) and cite them from the online catalogs of, respectively, the Wellcome Library and the National Library of Medicine . The purpose of Pellegrini 1582, Adversus philosophiae, et medicinae calumniatores apologia, is explained in its dedicatory preface (A3r–v). 7. Grafton 2007 (my thanks to Anthony Grafton for allowing me to see this work in advance of its publication). The relevant bibliography on Renaissance history writing 269 and historiography is too extensive to list here, but mention must at least be made of the following works: Kelley 1970; Huppert 1970; Landfester 1972; Seifert 1976; Cochrane 1981a; Black 1987; Woolf 2000; Doni Garfagnini 2002; Grafton 2005; Pomata and Siraisi 2005. On the development of histories of individual disciplines in this period, see also Kelley 1997 and the contents of “Histories of Science in Early Modern Europe,” a special issue of the Journal of the History of Ideas (67 [2006]: 33–122): Byrne 2006; Goulding 2006a, 2006b; Kassell 2006; Popper 2006. 8. The remarks in Cochrane 1981b regarding motivations for history writing in Italy also apply to other regions of Europe. 9. See, for example, Blair 2005. 10. Kelley 1970; Kelley 1984, no. 5; Bezold 1918. For fuller bibliography of earlier studies of the contribution of French jurists to historical method, see Huppert 1970, 8–9. Huppert notes that their predominance among writers of histories in sixteenth-century France re›ects a more general predominance in other forms of cultural life (185–93). See also, with reference to the in›uence of law in England, Shapiro 2000. Of signi‹cance for the development of history as well law and medicine are the remarks in Maclean 2000. 11. See Lyon 2003; Zen 1994; Pullapilly 1975. 12. Bauer [1999], 20; Momigliano 1987; Wirth 1977, 5–33. 13. Woolf 2000, 2003. 14. Patrizi da Cherso 1560 (in facsimile in Kessler 1971), 10–11 (also cited in Grafton 2005, 52). 15. Momigliano 1950, especially 289–93. On antiquarianism and material evidence, see Burke 2003. For examples of writers on antiquities who also produced treatises on the ars historica or wrote historical works, see Grafton 2005, 53. 16. McCuaig 1989, 5–6. For the impact of the discovery and study of the Fasti, see McCuaig 1991. 17. Serjeantson 1999; Soll 2003. 18. Machiavelli, Discorsi sopra la prima deca di Tito Livio, book 1, proem, in Machiavelli 1954, 90.The translation is from Machiavelli 1989, 1:191. Bodin 1951, 114. Couzinet 1996, 123–30 (noting parallels with Fernel and the Renaissance use of Galen’s Methodus medendi). For late sixteenth- and early seventeenth-century development of the metaphor of healing the body politic, see Soll 2002. 19. Momigliano 1985; Jouanna 2005; Jouanna 1999, 232–42; Van der Eijk 1999; Von Staden 1999; Pliny Naturalis historia 29.1–8. 20. Nutton 2004, 216–29, analyzes autobiograpical and historical elements in Galen’s writings, noting the possibility of some self-fashioning. See also Nutton 1988b. For many of Galen’s comments on earlier physicians, see Von Staden 1989; Smith 1979...