Character Is Destiny: The Autobiography of Alice Salomon

Notes

Notes INTRODUCTION 1. Much of what appears here is based on a chapter on Salomon in my Cities, Sin, and Social Reform in Imperial Germany (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2002), 287–317. For the most up to date and the fullest treatment of Salomon’s life through 1933, see Anja Schüler, Frauenbewegung und soziale Reform im transatlantischen Dialog: Jane Addams und Alice Salomon, 1889–1933 (Stuttgart: Steiner, 2003), chapters 8–13. For the fullest selection from among Salomon’s numerous writings, see Alice Salomon, Frauenemanzipation und soziale Verantwortung : Ausgewählte Schriften, ed. Adriane Feustel, 3 vols. (Neuwied: Luchterhand, 1997–2003). These volumes also contain thorough essays by Feustel on Salomon’s life and thought and extensive lists of Salomon’s writings. See also Iris Schröder, Arbeiten für eine bessere Welt: Frauenbewegung und Sozialreform 1890–1914 (Frankfurt a.M.: Campus, 2001), in which Salomon ‹gures prominently. For the importance of the Jewish factor, see Marion A. Kaplan, The Making of the Jewish Middle Class: Women, Family, and Identity in Imperial Germany (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991; on Salomon, 214–17); and Harriet Pass Freidenreich , Female, Jewish, Educated: The Lives of Central European University Women (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2002). For Salomon’s views of her life as a whole toward the end of it, see appendix C. 2. See Kathryn Kish Sklar, Anja Schüler, and Susan Strasser, eds., Social Justice Feminists in the United States and Germany: A Dialogue in Documents, 1885–1933 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998), which contains both a lengthy and informative introduction and translations of several essays by Salomon. 3. On this tradition, see Ann Taylor Allen, Feminism and Motherhood in Germany , 1800–1914 (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1991; on Salomon, 208–15). For a particularly strong instance of it, see appendix A. For the larger context, see Seth Koven and Sonya Michel, eds., Mothers of a New World: Maternalist Politics and the Origins of Welfare States (New York: Routledge, 1993). 4. Alice Salomon, “Ausbildung zur Sozialarbeit,” in Salomon, Was wir uns und anderen schuldig sind: Ansprachen und Aufsätze für jungen Menschen (Leipzig: Teubner, 1912), 37. 5. On the Federation of German Women’s Organizations (the Bund 249 deutscher Frauenvereine, to which Salomon usually refers as the German Council and sometimes as the National Council), see Richard J. Evans, The Feminist Movement in Germany, 1894–1933 (London: Sage, 1976). On the International Council of Women, see Leila J. Rupp, Worlds of Women: The Making of an International Women’s Movement (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997), esp. 15–21. 6. See Lynne M. Healy, International Social Work: Professional Action in an Interdependent World (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001). 7. On Salomon’s later years, see Joachim Wieler, Er-Innerung eines zerstörten Lebensabends: Alice Salomon während der NS-Zeit (1933–1937) und im Exil (1937–1948) (Darmstadt: Lingbach, 1987), 57–416. 8. One of the few works about her to appear before the 1980s was Hans Muthesius, ed., Alice Salomon: Die Begründerin des sozialen Frauenberufs in Deutschland (Cologne: Heymann, 1958). This work contains a biographical sketch (pp. 9–121) written by Salomon’s former secretary, Dora Peyser, that was based largely on Salomon’s then unpublished memoirs. Peyser’s essay long remained the standard source for information about Salomon and has only recently been superseded by Salomon, Frauenemanzipation, and Schüler, Frauenbewegung. 9. Alice Salomon, Education for Social Work: A Sociological Interpretation Based on an International Survey (Zurich: Verlag für Recht und Gesellschaft, 1937). 10. The most noteworthy exposition of this viewpoint in recent decades appears in Carol Gilligan, In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women’s Development (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982). CHAPTER 1 1. The three wars occurred in 1864, 1866, and 1870–71 and culminated in the establishment of the German Empire on January 18, 1871. 2. The son of Kaiser Wilhelm I, Kaiser Friedrich II was mortally ill as a result of throat cancer when he ascended the throne in 1888. 3. As the wife of Kronprinz Friedrich, she was generally known as Kronprinzessin Viktoria. When he became emperor, she became known as Kaiserin Friedrich, a designation on which she continued to insist after his death. CHAPTER 2 1. This organization was the Girls’ and Women’s Groups for Social Assistance , known as “the Groups.” On its origins, see Lees, Cities, 298–301. 2. In 1893, before he became Germany’s most famous sociologist, Max Weber (1864–1920) lectured...