The Hyperlinked Society: Questioning Connections in the Digital Age

Index

AAAS. See American Association for the Advancement of Science

ABC, 160, 284

Abuzz, 128

Ackerman, B., 271

Adamic, L., 15, 33, 76, 179–80, 223, 227, 243, 262, 275

Adar, E., 227, 247–48

Ad network, 89

Advertisers, 10, 62, 123–24, 128, 138, 140–41, 143–44, 147–48, 156, 159–60, 252

Advertising, 6, 10, 16, 27, 59, 62, 75, 82, 114, 123–24, 128, 137–45, 147–49, 159–64

AdWords, 45, 88

Affordances, 165, 171, 173, 182–83

AGS. See American Geographical Society

Algorithm, 9, 27, 49–50, 88, 104–9, 111–14, 118, 131, 133, 143

A-list blogs, 31, 239

AltaVista, 128

Amazon, 27, 61, 146

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), 220

American Express, 89

American Geographical Society, 208

American Idol, 151, 154, 156

American Journalism Review, 35

Amnesty International, 220

Analog, 25, 125–26, 140, 167

Anchor tenancies, 127

Anderson, B., 195

Anderson, C., 28, 30, 33, 35, 64

Annenberg Public Policy Center, 5

Annenberg School for Communication, 23

Anti-Defamation League, 111–12

Anti-Semitism, 112

AOL, 10, 61–63, 100, 127

AP. See Associated Press

API. See Application programming interface Application programming interface (API), 214

ArcGIS, 221

Aristotle, 182

Armstrong, J., 211

Ars Electronica, 170

Associated Press (AP), 126

AT&T, 154, 156

Atlantic Monthly, 1

Audit Bureau of Circulations, 276

Australia, 5, 202

Baby boomers, 125

Baghdad, 218

Baker, E. C., 281

Barnhurst, K., 75

Battelle, J., 89, 129, 134

Baudrillard, J., 194

Benkler, Y., 26, 31, 35, 180, 269–78, 280–86

Berkowitz, P., 280

Berners-Lee, T., 129, 184

Bernstein, J., 111

Billboards, 3, 10, 139–40

Blacklisted, 112

Blair, T., 49

Blogger, 5, 15–16, 49–50, 52, 66, 70, 72–75, 81, 114, 116, 118, 132–33, 148–49, 223, 230–34, 236–43, 248, 262, 269–70, 273, 278–81, 283–86

Blogosphere, 15, 31, 35, 74, 76, 118, 131, 211, 223, 229, 232, 234, 236–38, 247–48, 263, 269, 272–73, 280–81, 285

BlogPulse, 229, 232, 238

Blog ring, 45

Blogroll, 227, 230, 232–33, 239–41, 243

Blogrunner, 231

Blogs, 4, 8–9, 11, 14–15, 22–24, 31, 33, 44–45, 52, 70–81, 93–94, 115, 117, 128, 132–33, 143, 151, 153, 180, 196, 206, 211, 216, 223, 227, 229–34, 236–43, 248, 254, 261–63, 268–74, 278–79, 281–82, 285

Bloodspot, 94

Bluetooth, 124, 169, 171–72

Blumer, H., 35

Bookmark, 25, 87, 95, 98, 131, 227

Boston, 125

Bowers, C., 215

Brin, S., 90

British Telecom, 40

Brooks, T., 41

Browsing, 42, 85, 89, 98, 173

Buchwald, A., 132–33

Bulletin boards, 11, 140, 143

Bunge, B., 210

Bush, G. W., 7, 49, 113, 233–34, 236, 283

Bush, L., 233

Bush, V., 1–3, 6, 16, 41–42, 46, 50

Buyukkokten, O., 228

California, 45, 171

Cambridge, 128, 172

Canada, 5

Captain's Quarters, 239

Carnegie Mellon University, 244

Cartography, 3, 14, 193–94, 200–201, 203, 206, 211–14

Castells, M., 48

CBS, 125, 160, 273, 283

CD. See Compact disk

Cell phone, 3, 153, 169, 187, 196

CERN. See European Organization for Nuclear Research

Chadwick, A., 269, 272

Cheshire Constabulary, 109

Chester Chronicle, 109

Chester City Council, 110

Chicago, 97

China, 5, 134, 219

Citation, 21, 39, 40–44, 46, 51, 73, 78, 81–82, 104, 168, 230–34, 236–37, 239–41

Citation networks, 44

Civil rights, 108, 210

Civil society, 9, 106, 117

Clinton, B., 234, 284

CNN, 140, 253–56, 269, 276, 308

Coca-Cola, 151, 154

Cohen, Joshua, 270

Collaborative filtering, 270, 285

Collective action, 16, 269, 284–85

Collingwood, R., 40

Columbus, 207

Community GIS, 210

Compact disk (CD), 30, 254

CompuServe, 140

Computer-mediated interaction, 174

ComScore, 151

Convergence, 3, 23, 62, 72

Countermapping, 209–11, 219

Craigslist, 10

Crampton, J., 14, 179

Creative Commons, 218

Critical geography, 191–93

Cronkite, W., 125

Crooks and Liars, 77, 79–80

Curry, M., 202

Cybernetics, 47–48

CyberTimes, 126

Daily Kos, 74, 77, 79–80, 230, 285

Data mine, 213

Database, 14, 42, 104, 108, 134, 151, 153, 179, 191, 215

Data-mining links, 118

Dean, H., 216

Deliberative democracy, 250, 271, 280, 283

Del.icio.us, 219

Democratic National Committee, 233

Department of State, 220

Deutsch, 51

Digg, 88, 131, 135

Diggit, 219

Digital divide, 222–23, 256–57

Digital video recorder (DVR), 12, 30, 156, 159, 161

DiMaggio, P., 257

Dimitrova, D. C., 75, 82

DirecTV, 152

Discount coupons, 17

Disney, 61

Dooce, 239

Dot-com boom, 127

Dove, 153

Drezner, D., 269, 273–74

Dryzek, J., 270–71

Durkheimian tradition, 46

DVR. See Digital video recorder

eBay, 61, 98

Echo chambers, 271

Eisenstein, E., 40

Elwood, S., 210

E-mail, 43, 45, 52, 94, 98–99, 131–32, 139–40, 146, 167, 174, 196, 227, 231–32, 245, 247, 269, 278, 284

Encyclopedia, 2, 50

Engelbart, D., 3, 42, 43

England, 172, 232

Entertainment, 5, 23, 29, 32, 60, 124, 154, 255–60, 263–64, 276, 308

Erikson, E. H., 149

Essentialism, 182–83

Ethics, 71, 114, 279

Ettema, J., 26

European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), 129

Facebook, 148, 227

Facticity, 71, 74–75

Fairdata Website, 216

Farrell, H., 269, 273

Favorites listing, 88

Fax machine, 125

Federal Trade Commission, 4

Finkelstein, S., 8–9, 22, 104

First Amendment, 111

Fishkin, J., 271

Foley, M., 269, 282–84

FON, 115

Ford, 154

Fortune, 208

Foucault, M., 210–11, 216

FOX, 33, 154, 232, 253–56, 262, 308

Fox News, 232, 253–56, 262, 308

Fox News Channel, 33, 253–54, 256, 308

Fragmentation, 15, 23, 28–31, 33–34, 124, 180, 250–52, 255–56

Frames, 194

France, 112

Frequent shopper cards, 17

Friedman, T., 119

Friendster, 168, 227

Frost, D., 110

Gallagher, D., 92

Gallo, J., 33

Gallup, 77

Gatekeepers, 194, 282

GaTHR. See Geospatial Technologies and Human Rights

Geertz, C., 197

GeoCities, 127

Geographic Information Systems, 14, 191, 196–97, 200–201, 208, 210, 213–18, 220–21, 223

Geospatial intelligence, 217

Geospatial Technologies and Human Rights (GaTHR), 220

Germany, 5, 112

Giddens, A., 25–26

Gilbert, G., 40

GINI coefficient, 276

GIS. See Geographic Information Systems

Gitlin, T., 194

Glance, N., 15, 33, 76, 223, 229, 231, 233, 262, 275

Global Positioning System (GPS), 168–70, 172–73, 191, 197, 203–4, 218

Goffman, E., 165–66, 174

Golden Rule, 185–86

Google, 3, 7, 9–10, 14, 22, 27, 44–45, 49–50, 52, 61, 74, 88–90, 92–94, 97–98, 104–6, 108–14, 116–19, 128–29, 131, 133, 138, 140, 167, 179, 191, 201–2, 211, 213–16, 218–19, 234, 261

Google bombing, 7, 49, 92–93, 113

Google Earth, 14, 179, 191, 201–2, 213–14, 216, 218–19

Google Juice, 167

Google Maps, 214, 216, 218

Google spamming, 113

Gore, A., 214, 234

Goto.com, 89

GPS. See Global Positioning System

Granovetter, M., 250

Graver, F., 133

Gross Rating Point, 160–62

Gutmann, A., 270

Habermas, J., 270–71, 285

Halavais, A., 7, 21, 39

Hall, E. T., 166

Hargittai, E., 8, 9, 22, 33, 85

Harley, B., 193–94

Harrower, M., 213

Hartley, J., 72

Harvard Laboratory for Computer Graphics, 212

Herfindahl-Hirschman Index, 276

Herring, S., 72, 75, 76, 237

Hespos, T., 11, 13, 16, 123–24

Hewitt, H., 273

HHI. See Herfindahl-Hirschman Index

Hillel the Elder, 185

Hindman, M., 15–16, 119, 180

Hitwise, 16, 275–78

Holmes, N., 40

Holocaust, 112

Home page, 61, 126, 131–32, 140, 227–30, 275

Howard, P., 96

HP Labs, 244

HTML, 127, 184

Huberman, B., 229, 244

Huffington Post, 78–80

Hypercard, 42

Hyperconversation, 41

Hyperpersonal relationships, 41

Hypertext, 42–43, 50–51, 117–18, 127

Hypertie, 12, 124, 165, 167–69, 172–74

Hyperwocky, 126

India, 202, 219

Information theory, 212

Infotopia, 268

InstaPundit, 234, 285

Integration, 29, 126, 153, 203

Intelliseek, 229

Interaction order, 165–68

Interactivity, 58, 196, 198

Intermediaries, 194–96, 199–200, 202

International Cartography Association, 212

Internet Protocol Television, 12, 161

Interoperability, 221

Ipod, 173

IPTV. See Internet Protocol Television

Israel, 5, 29

iTunes, 30

Iyengar, S., 33

Jabberwocky, 169, 171

Jenkins, H., 72–73

Jew Watch, 110–13

John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur

Foundation, 5, 309

Journalist, 31, 35, 71–73, 75, 81, 92, 108, 114–15, 128, 130, 230, 269, 273, 278, 280

Kane, M., 33

Katz, E., 29

Kerry, J., 233, 282

Koopmans, R., 64

Korea, 219, 202

Kramer, S., 133

Krippendorff's alpha, 78

Kuwait, 238–41

Lanham, R., 24

Lasica, J., 81

Last Word, The, 133

Lewinsky affair, 284

Library science, 43

Life logging, 170

Lin, J., 45, 47

Link doping, 50

LinkedIn, 168

Link whoring, 50

Long tail, 28–29, 33, 64–65, 76, 130, 245

Los Angeles Times, 77–78, 81–82, 208, 279, 284

Lott, T., 269, 282–83

Lowrey, W., 73

Lurkers, 174

Mackeen, A., 5

Magazine, 1, 4, 10, 48, 62, 125, 138–39, 141, 156, 276

Malkin, M., 74, 77–79, 81, 239

Malware, 95

Map Communication Model, 212

MapCruncher, 218

Mapmaking, 14, 179, 192–93, 195, 197, 200–203, 207

Map mashup, 179, 206, 214, 218–19, 221

Mapping Age, 14

Maps, 3, 14, 17, 46, 166, 179, 191–201, 203, 206–12, 214–16, 218–19

Marhost.com, 110

Mashups, 3, 179, 192, 206, 214, 219, 221

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 1, 227–28, 308

Massanari, A., 96

Massification, 56–57, 62

McNally, R., 208, 213

Mediation, 115, 192, 194–95, 203

Memeorandum, 131

Memex, 2–3, 42, 50

Mercator, G., 193, 195, 208

Meritocracy, 270, 285

Message boards, 126, 143

Metafilter, 248

Microfilm, 2, 50

Microsoft, 23, 170, 172, 218

Microsoft research lab, 172

Miller, J., 269

MIT. See Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Mobile digital device, 168

Mobile handset, 17

Mobile phone, 12, 17

Monitorial citizen, 263–64, 282–83

Monmonier, M., 193

Moore, M., 233

Morality, 13, 179, 181, 186–90

Morin, R., 33

Motion pictures, 43, 62

MoveOn.org, 216

Movies, 24, 228

MP3 players, 3, 169

MSN, 10, 140

MySpace, 10, 24, 50, 60–61, 141, 148–49, 151–52, 167–68, 227

Napoli, L., 126

Napoli, P., 8, 22, 30–31

NASA, 218, 220, 270

Nation, 32, 196, 206, 208, 216, 232, 238, 248, 268, 278, 284

National Geographic Society, 208

National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, 217–18

National Review, 233

National Science Foundation, 1

Nature, 219

NBC, 160, 276, 283

Near field communication chips (NFC), 17

NEC Research Institute, 274–75

Nelson, T., 3, 42–43, 190

Neo-Nazi, 112

Netherlands, 5, 202

Net neutrality, 221–22

Netroots, 206, 211, 216, 223

Networked public sphere, 269–70, 272–73

Networks, 11, 21, 23–24, 30, 39, 43–45, 47–48, 51–53, 97, 117, 126, 143, 148, 152, 160, 163, 174, 180, 211, 223, 228–29, 247, 250, 253, 261, 269, 270, 275

New Orleans, 219

New Republic, 268

New York, 4, 9–10, 45, 61, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78–82, 111, 118, 123–26, 133, 135–36, 215, 231–32, 233, 262, 269, 277, 279, 282

New York Times, 9–10, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78–82, 118, 123, 125–26, 135–36, 215, 231–32, 233, 269, 277, 279, 282

New York Times Company, 61, 123–24

New York Times Magazine, 4

News, 4–6, 10, 14, 24, 29, 31–33, 35, 61, 63–64, 66, 70–82, 108, 110–11, 124–27, 129, 132, 134–36, 141–42, 151, 206, 223, 231–33, 236, 239, 244, 251–62, 264–65, 276–79, 281, 284

News Corp., 61, 151

Newspaper, 10, 29, 70, 73, 75, 78, 109, 126, 128, 133, 159, 258, 277–78

Newspaper editors, 70

NFC. See Near field communication chips

Nielsen BuzzMetrics, 151, 237

Nielsen/NetRatings, 61

Nielsen Ratings, 160–62

Nike, 173

Nino, C., 270

Nintendo, 136

Nisenholtz, M., 10, 125

NLS. See oNLine System

Nofollow attribute, 116–17

Ntag, 169–72

O'Reilly, B., 152

O'Reilly, T., 129, 132–33

Objectivity, 7, 28, 71, 108

Office of Scientific Research and Development, 1

OGC. See Open Geospatial Consortium

Ogilvy, David, 139

Ogilvy on Advertising, 139

Online communities, 123, 147, 151, 157, 229, 269

oNLine System (NLS), 42

Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC), 221

OpenStreetMap, 218

OpenURL, 52

Opt in, 17

Origamitulip.com, 93

Orkut, 167–68, 227–28

Ortelius, A., 207

PageRank, 74, 104–6, 108, 114, 131, 133

PaidContent.org, 133

Paris, 128

Park, H. W., 44, 63

Participatory GIS, 200–201, 210, 223

Paterson, C., 277

PayPal, 98

PDA. See personal digital assistant Pennock, D. M., 274–75

Perlmutter, D., 223

Personal digital assistant (PDA), 3, 169, 171

Personalization, 16, 129, 146

Pew Internet and American Life Project, 99

Phishing, 98–99

Picard, E., 11–13, 16, 23, 124, 159

Pickles, J., 200, 218

Plaxo, 168

Podcasts, 24, 146

Polanyi, M., 41

Polarization, 7, 21, 23, 29, 31, 34–35, 252–53, 254–56, 258, 261–63, 271

Portal, 87, 109, 126–27, 129, 261

Postal service, 125

Powell, C., 233

Power Line, 239

PressThink, 74

Prior, M., 15–16, 33, 180, 276

Privacy, 4, 12–23, 123–24, 146, 163, 175, 201–3

Professionalism, 72

Programming, 24, 28, 43, 160–61, 163, 172, 213–14, 256, 285

Proxemics, 166

Public good, 1, 58–59, 61, 263

Publicity, 112, 115–16, 281

Public sphere, 4, 16, 29, 180, 268–72, 275, 278, 280–83, 285–86

Push model of communication, 139–42

Rabbi Akiva, 185

Radio, 10, 24, 29–30, 34, 61, 124, 130, 137, 140, 146, 166, 168–69, 171–72, 223, 254, 257

Radio Shack, 137

Rather, D., 236, 283

Rathergate, 283

Ratings, 30, 35, 49, 113, 128, 141, 160–62, 229

Rawls, J., 270–71

Really Simple Syndication (RSS), 3, 132, 230, 237

Reciprocity, 73–74, 78, 81, 241

Reddit, 88

Republic.com, 271

Retailing, 17, 275

Return on investment, 154

Reuters, 126, 277

Reynolds, G., 234, 273

Robinson, A., 211–12

Rogers, R., 268

Romenesko, 133

Roosevelt, F. D. R., 208

Rosch, E., 183

Rose, S., 41

Rosen, J., 73–75

Royal Society, 41

RSS. See Really Simple Syndication

Rulifson, J., 3

Rumsfeld, D., 233

Runaway, 153

Russell, C., 110

Sacks, H., 170

Salon.com, 232–33, 262

Samsung, 153

Sanders, L., 280

Satellite, 28, 43, 146, 196, 201, 213, 220

Scammers, 98

Schiller, H., 148

Schudson, M., 263–64, 282

Schulman, S. L., 11–13, 16, 123–24, 145

Search engine, 7–9, 21–22, 27, 32, 49–50, 56, 61–63, 74–75, 86–94, 96–97, 104, 107–11, 113–14, 116, 118, 123, 134, 167, 196, 229, 234, 238, 260

Search engine optimization (SEO), 49, 86, 113, 167

Second Life, 11, 143, 148, 203

Segmentation, 29, 145, 252, 255–56

Selectivity, 254, 256, 261–63

Semantic analysis, 106

Semantic Web, 52

Sensecam, 172

SEO. See Search engine optimization

Shannon, C., 212, 222

Shirky, C., 76

Sifry, D., 72

Signal-to-noise ratio, 212

Silverstone, 194

Simon, H., 24–25

SixDegrees, 168

60 Minutes, 236

Slamxr, 172–73

Slashdot, 219, 248

Smith, J., 207

Smith, M., 11–12, 16, 124

Snow, J., 196–97, 208

Social network analysis, 174

Social networks, 11, 23, 27, 97, 129, 141, 143, 148, 152, 167–68, 174, 180, 199, 211, 219, 227–30, 240, 244, 247, 261, 274

Soft news, 36

Spam blogs, 93–94

Splogs, 9, 93

Sponsored links, 88, 100

Spotme, 169, 171–72

Stanford University, 227–28

Store payment systems, 3

Sullivan, A., 234, 262

Sunstein, C., 32, 252–55, 268, 271, 273

Supermarket, 17

Surowiecki, J., 34–35, 130

Sutherland, A., 131

Syntactical analysis, 106

Tabbed browsing, 98

Tagging, 27, 52, 98

Tags, 3, 52, 78, 90, 124, 131, 170, 232

Talmud, 2

Talmudic, 2, 40

Technorati, 11, 24, 44, 49–50, 74, 77, 132, 143, 232, 238

Telephone, 46, 125, 166

Telephony, 46

Television, 3, 10, 12, 16, 25, 28–30, 33–34, 59–63, 119, 125, 130, 139, 141–42, 159–62, 166, 251–55, 258, 260, 276

Thelwall, M., 44

Think Progress, 77–80

Thompson, D., 271

Time, 124

Times Topics, 134

Time Warner, 61

TiVo, 30

Tokyo, 45

Torrent, 98, 270

Trace encounters, 170–71

Track backs, 78, 117, 240–41

TreasureNet, 138

Tremayne, M., 75, 82

Trickle-up theory, 180, 270

Tripod, 127

Truly Tasteless Jokes, 110

Tsui, L., 5–6, 8–9, 22, 70

Tuchman, G., 71, 73–74

Turow, J., 1, 32, 252–53

TV Guide, 152

Twain, M., 28

Two source rule, 71

United Arab Emirates, 238–39

United Kingdom, 109, 202, 218

United Nations, 222

Unsponsored “organic” search results, 88

US-AID, 220

USA Today, 77–80, 82

Usenet newsgroups, 140

User-generated content, 10, 23, 26, 66

Verhulst, S., 13–14, 179, 191

Video, 3, 12, 24, 61–62, 77, 132–33, 140–41, 148, 151, 153, 156–57, 159, 161, 169–70, 174, 189, 258, 276

Video game, 132

Vietnam War, 125, 283

Viral marketing, 243–47

Wakshlag, J., 30

Wall Street Journal, 263, 277, 279

Walther, J. B., 41

Washington, 125, 172

Washington Post, 72, 77–81, 86, 211, 233, 262, 277, 279

Weak ties, 180, 250–51, 259, 261

Web 2.0, 129–33, 135, 141, 191, 214

Webster, J., 6–7, 21, 23, 252–54, 256

Weinberger, D., 13, 15, 181

Weinreich, A., 168

Weinstock, S., 111

Wellman, B., 66

Wells, H. G., 50

Wendy's, 146

White, T. H., 125

whitehouse.com, 93

whitehouse.gov, 93

Whitney, D., 26

Widget, 95, 98, 105, 132, 139

Wifi, 119, 169, 222

Wii, 136

Wikipedia, 23, 35, 112, 214–15, 285

Wikis, 43

Wilson, F., 133

Wired, 247–48

Wisdom of Crowds, 28, 34–35, 130–32, 134

Wonkette, 262, 284

Wordspy.com, 113

World War II, 1, 194, 208

World Wide Web, 30, 39, 42, 50, 62–63, 74, 126, 140, 165, 167, 227

Xanadu, 42

Xerox PARC, 227

Yahoo, 10, 14, 87–89, 129, 140, 218–19, 261

YouTube, 10, 24, 30, 35, 60–61, 66, 141

ZDNet, 111

Zhang, B., 45

Zimmerman, A., 64

Zittrain, J., 8

Zuniga, M., 273