Owning the Olympics: Narratives of the New China

Index

Air quality, 21, 27, 72, 233, 235, 244, 287, 363

Ambush marketing, 79–80, 82, 87, 91–92, 325, 359. See also Parasite marketing

Amnesty International, 2, 31, 39, 216

Architecture, 20, 73, 90, 230–31, 236–40, 241–55, 261, 346, 350, 352

Asian Games (1990), 94, 241

Athens 2004, 119, 125–26; and closing ceremony, handover to Beijing, 202, 260–62, 268–70; and international broadcast narratives of handover, 270–81, and Nonaccredited Media Centers, 327–29, 331

Atlanta 1996, 122–23, 212, 268, 271; and Nonaccredited Media Centers, 326–27

Atos Origin, 75–76

Barboza, David, 220

Barcelona 1992, 91, 122, 263, 267; and Nonaccredited Media Centers, 326, 340

Beijing, failed 2000 bid, 18, 20–21, 23, 25, 32, 38, 123, 147–48, 165–66, 168, 170, 211, 237, 383

Beijing Olympic Bid Committee (BOBICO), 148–53, 188, 200–201; and slogan “New Beijing, Great Olympics,” 20, 35, 71, 148, 156, 189

Beijing Organizing Committee for the Games of the XXIX Olympiad (BOCOG), 1, 79, 90, 92, 98, 109, 188, 202, 212, 230–31, 262, 289, 294, 302, 335; and IOC delegation visit, 47; and IPR, 101; and media, 47, 210, 212, 333–34; and President Liu Qi, 2, 229; and slogan, 20, 104; and sponsorship, 67–69; and 3G mobile technology commitment, 285, 298; and torch relay, 203

Berlin 1936, 17, 26, 46, 94–95, 121–23, 148; analogies to, 52, 164–68

Bird's nest. See National Stadium

BOBICO. See Beijing Olympic Bid Committee

BOCOG. See Beijing Organizing Committee for the Games of the XXIX Olympiad

Boxer Rebellion, 171, 173, 253

Boxers, 175, 177, 179

Boycott, 149; of Beijing, threat of, 4, 32, 99, 105–6, 108–9, 169, 381; and Berlin 1936, 95, 123; and Cold War, 95, 122–23; and Los Angeles 1984, 124–25; and Melbourne, 123; and Mexico City, attempt of by African-American athletes, 124; and Moscow 1980, 23, 26, 169; by North Korea, of Seoul, 1988, 95; and South Africa 123, and Taiwan independence, 23

Cardinal Kung Foundation, 98

CBS's coverage of Nagano 1998, 199–200

CCTV, 131–32, 336; Tower, 136, 238–40, 352

Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions (COHRE), 3, 40, 252

Chan, Jackie, 18, 31

Chen Shui-bien, 34, 136

Chen Xitong, 30, 38

China Africa Forum, as dress rehearsal for 2008 Games, 24, 234

China Mobile, 51, 287, 296, 298

Chinese Communist Party, 98–99, 146, 157, 178–79; and Party Congress, 23, 34, 220; and Party Propaganda Department, 150–51

Chinese Ministry of Information Industry, 296, 298

Chinese Olympic Committee (COC), 102, 231

Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, and foreign journalists, 218

Clinton, Bill, 1998 visit to China, 178

Coca-Cola, 73, 75–76, 98, 107, 281, 290, 380

Cohen, Roger, 220

Cold War, 17, 95, 119, 122–24, 134

Committee to Protect Journalists, 2, 212, 216; and report on China's new journalism rules, 219–20

Communism, 53, 133, 148, 180, 191, 206, 278

Construction: in Beijing, 2–21, 35, 40, 110, 126, 191, 230, 234–45, 349–50, 351, 352; in Tokyo 1964, 191

Coubertin, Pierre de, 92–93, 119–20, 158, 315, 318, 378, 392

Cultural Revolution, 5, 202, 236, 246, 248

Darfur, 4, 6–7, 42, 103–10, 130, 167, 202, 230, 353–54. See also Farrow, Ronan, and Mia; Genocide Olympics; Reeves, Eric; Spielberg, Stephen; Sudan

Dayan, Daniel, 7–8, 86, 195, 264–65, 284

Democracy, 232; and China's imprisonment of activists, 23; and Japan (Tokyo 1964 Games), 192; and media, 338; and Russia 384; and South Korea, 21, 53, 170, 195

Deng Xiaoping, 127, 164, 169, 177–78, 232, 248; and trip to U.S., 173

Environment, 4, 27, 51, 53–54, 72, 362, 383. See also Pollution

Factories, 362; and environment 21, 24, 27–28, 235, 301; and labor standards 41

Falun Gong, 4, 6, 24, 38, 41, 49–50, 384

Farrow, Ronan, and Mia, 106–7, 109–10, 167, 353–54. See also Darfur; Genocide Olympics; Reeves, Eric; Spielberg, Steven; Sudan

FCCC. See Foreign Correspondents Club of China

Forbidden City, 20, 155, 230, 238, 247, 249, 252

Foreign Correspondents Club of China (FCCC), 216; and report on China's new journalism rules, 219–20

Forest Park, 241, 249–51

Free Tibet, 1, 41, 48, 136, 365

French, Howard, 221

Fuwa (mascots), 41

General Electric, 75–76, 107, 290

Genocide Olympics, 42, 102–11, 167, 354. See also Darfur; Farrow, Ronan, and Mia; Reeves, Eric; Spielberg, Steven; Sudan

Globalization, 8, 30–31, 69–70, 81–82, 88, 186–88, 232, 280–82, 307–18, 375, 377, 379, 381–82, 387

Great Wall, 1, 4, 29, 41, 48, 230, 269; in presentation video to IOC, 135, 157, 201

Green Olympics, 27, 43, 104, 232, 285, 346, 383

Haidan district, 236

Han dynasty, 352

Helsinki 1952, 17, 122, 124

Herzog, Jacques, and Pierre de Meuron, 30, 242

High-Tech Olympics, 72, 104, 232, 285–87, 290, 302–3

Hijacking, 8, 19, 30, 86–87, 89, 91–92, 102, 105, 302, 399; of Munich Olympics, 86–87, 92

Hitler, Adolf, 52, 121, 123, 164, 166, 173, 241

Hoberman, John, 92–93, 95, 378

Hollywood, 107, 110

Homeless people/homelessness, 20, 40, 100, 230, 253, 349

Hu Jintao, 19, 39, 42, 98, 107, 109, 230, 354

Humanistic Olympics, 29, 31, 270. See also People's Olympics

Human rights, 2–4, 6, 18, 23, 25–26, 32, 37–43, 50–51, 53–54, 68, 88, 96, 98–100, 103, 159, 202, 210–11, 216–17, 353–56, 381, 383–84; and China's 2000 bid, 244, 383; and IOC, 96; and lawyer Zheng Enchong, 220; and South Africa, 94; and Wei Jingsheng, 23, 38

Human Rights Watch, 2, 39, 100, 103

Hutongs, 235, 249, 252, 349

Hybridity. See Modernization

Imperial Palace, 20, 254

Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), 28–29, 43, 48, 50, 80, 359–60

International Olympic Committee (IOC), 2, 9, 28, 49, 79, 92–96, 98, 119, 121–22, 164, 185, 187, 197, 204, 216, 231, 268, 280, 285, 287–88, 298, 334–35, 337, 378, 383–84, 392, 400; and Beijing's 2000 bid, 18; and Beijing's 2008 bid, 38, 153, 211, 296; and Code of Ethics, 26, 100–101; and Commission for Olympic Reform, 318; and control over Olympic symbols, 149, 260, 324–25; and environment, 379; and globalization/internationalization, 375, 377, 379, 381–82, 387; and host selection, 89–90, 146, 149, 382; and human rights, 23, 96, 99, 216; and IPR, 28; and journalism, 210, 219, 222, 267; and labor conditions, 101; and London 2012 bid, 73–74; and nonaccredited media, 320–21, 323–24, 330, 332, 337, 339, 341; and Olympic Family, 323; and Olympic ideals, 155, 158–59; and recognition of PRC, 95; and Seoul 1988, 194–95; and sponsorship, 67–68, 75, 80–82, 91, 212, 290, 380; and Taiwan's membership, 95; and Tibet, 41; and Tokyo 1964, 192–93; and visit to Beijing 20, 23–24, 38, 47, 158, 234; and Wushu, 310–13. See also Olympic Charter

International Wushu Federation (IWUF), 310–12

IOC. See International Olympic Committee

IPR. See Intellectual Property Rights Isaacs, Harold, Scratches on Our Minds, 174–76

IWUF. See International Wushu Federation

Jiang Zemin, 19, 128, 145, 150, 237 Johnson & Johnson, 75–76, 90, 290

Kahn, Joseph, 220

Katz, Elihu, 7–8, 86, 195, 264–65, 284, 392, 394

Kodak, 75–76, 82, 91, 290

Koolhaas, Rem, 30, 238–40

Lefebvre, Henri, 230–31

Lenovo, 75–79, 286–87, 290–95, 303, 357, 380

Liu Qi, as Beijing Olympic Organizing Committee head, 2, 229; as mayor of Beijing, 38, 155–56, 201

London 1948, 80, 122, 288–89

London 2012, 91, 263, 324–25, 340; bid for, 73–74, 377, 380–81, 385–87

Los Angeles 1932, 121; and radio broadcasting, 288

Los Angeles 1984, 5, 17, 46, 67–68, 122–23, 148, 267, 387; and boycott, 23, 124–25; and KGB disinformation campaign, 124–25

MacAloon, John, 82, 397, 400

Mann, James, 165, 170

Manulife, 75, 77

Mao Zedong, 127, 146, 247

McDonald's, 30, 68, 75, 77, 281, 290, 379

Media, restrictions on, 150–52, 210–23, 354–55; and Regulations Concerning Foreign Journalists, 215

Media events, 7–8, 86–88, 173, 177–78, 195–97, 284–85, 299, 391–400

Melbourne 1956, 17, 119, 121–23

Meuron, Pierre de, 30, 242–43, 245

Mexico City 1968, 49, 122, 382; and attempted boycott/demonstration, 124

Mobile technologies: and Beijing, 285, 287, 296–99, 302–3; and broadcasting, 282; as challenge to official narratives, 300–302

Modernity, 309; and Asian Olympic hosts, 186, 188; and China, 19, 21, 70–71, 159; and Japan's 1940 bid, 189–90, 193; and Tokyo 1964, 192, 199; and technology 288

Modernization, 157–58; vs. hybridity: in Asian Olympic hosts, 186–88; in China, 201, 203, 269, 352; in Japan, 193–94, 200; in South Korea, 196

Montreal 1976, 121, 123, 127, 387

Moscow 1980, 4, 17, 46, 53, 122, 148, 169; and boycott, 23, 26

Munich 1972, 17, 25–26, 122–23, 125, 173, 382; and hijack of, 49, 86–87, 92, 124–25

Nagano 1998, 186, 189, 193, 197–200, 285

NAMC. See Nonaccredited Media Centers

National Aquatic Swimming Centre/Water Cube, 30, 243

National Grand Theater, 236–37, 240

National People's Congress (NPC), and foreign journalists, 218

National Stadium, 30, 241–43, 352

Nationalism: and Beijing's failed bid for 2000 Olympics, 147–48; and China, 31–36, 147, 157–57, 202, 385; and Sochi 2014 bid, 385

Nazi Germany, 17, 94, 121–23, 164; and ideology, 148. See also Berlin 1936

NBC, 92, 93; and coverage of closing ceremony in Athens, handover to Beijing, 271, 273–78, 280; as official media partner, 76, 280–81, 379; and Seoul 1988, 197; and Torino 2006, 299

“New Beijing, Great Olympics”: bid video, 70; slogan, 20, 35, 71, 148, 156, 189

Nike, 91

Nixon, Richard, visit to China by, 173

Nonaccredited Media Centers (NAMCs), 321–22, 325–41

Nye, Joseph, 118, 134, 200. See also Soft power

Olympic Charter, 26, 93–94, 101, 119, 211, 268, 311–13, 324–25, 378

Olympic Green, 35, 230, 233–34, 236, 240–41, 243–44, 249, 254–55

Olympic Partner (TOP) Program, The, 75–82, 90, 286, 290, 295, 303, 380

Omega, 75, 77

One World, One Dream, 1, 6, 29, 39, 41, 51, 90, 97, 104–5, 135, 229, 347

Orientalism, 153–54, 175–76, 200; self-orientalism, 186–87, 190, 194

Panasonic, 75, 77, 290

Parasite marketing, 91–92. See also Ambush marketing

Paris: 1924 Games, 120; and bid for 2008 Games, 201

People's Olympics, 104, 270, 285, 346

PlayFair, 40–41, 100–102

Pollution, 27–28, 43, 72, 132, 232, 363; and Athens 2004 Games, 126; and Chinese efforts to curtail, 21, 25

Public diplomacy, 117–18, 124, 133; and Beijing Olympics, 134–38; and China, 126–33; and Montreal 1976, 121; and Olympics, 119; and sport, 118–19; and United States, 125

Qianmen, 3, 349

Reeves, Eric, 102–9. See also Darfur; Farrow, Ronan, and Mia; Genocide Olympics; Spielberg, Steven; Sudan

Reporters without Borders, 1–2, 42, 99, 136, 216, 218, 354

Roche, Maurice, 281, 378

Rogge, Jacques, 2, 75, 96, 169, 203, 268, 271, 274, 310–11

Rome 1960, 17, 25, 122, 382

Saïd, Edward, 153–54, 175–76. See also Orientalism

Salt Lake City 2002, 149; and bribery scandal, 125; and Liu Qi, 38; and Nonaccredited Media Centers, 327–28

Samaranch, Juan Antonio, 67, 149, 155, 159, 168, 193, 268, 271, 310

Samsung, 75, 77–78, 290, 380

Seoul 1988, 17, 21, 46, 53, 95, 122, 124, 165, 168–69, 186, 188, 193–97, 267, 282, 310, 382

Shanghai, 233, 237, 292; and Special Olympics, 137; and World Exhibition, 36

Sochi 2014, 5, 377, 381–82, 384–85

Soft power, 188, 126, 134, 200. See also Nye, Joseph

Sohu.com, 335

Soviet Union, 45, 95, 120–21, 134, 169

Spielberg, Steven, 3, 18, 107–10, 201, 241, 354

Sponsorship. See Olympic Partner Program, The

State Administration of Radio Film and Television, 47, 297, 335

Sudan, 6, 42, 102–10, 353–54, 356, 365, 384. See also Darfur; Farrow, Ronan, and Mia; Genocide Olympics; Reeves, Eric; Spielberg, Steven

Sydney 2000, 123, 233, 263–64, 268, 271, 308–9; and bid, attempt to discredit Beijing, 383; and Nonaccredited Media Centers, 326–28, 331

Taiwan, 5, 23, 33–34, 50, 123, 127, 136, 202; and recognition by the IOC, 95; and torch route, 203

Temple of Heaven, 20, 135

Tiananmen Square, 230, 236, 247–49, 254–55; and 1989, 24–26, 45, 49, 53, 128, 133, 150, 166, 169, 178, 211, 230, 237, 248, 355; and beach volleyball competition, 38, 152; and one-year countdown ceremony, 1–2, 18

Tibet, 2–4, 34, 41, 50, 96, 98–99, 130, 133, 136, 151, 202, 215, 217, 365, 384; and torch route, 34, 41, 203, 229, 295, 365. See also Free Tibet

Tokyo: 1964 Games, 17, 21, 25, 46, 122, 125, 169, 186, 188, 191–93, 198, 282, 310, 382; 1940 Bid, 185, 188–91

TOP. See Olympic Partner Program, The

Torch route, 155, 229, 294–95; route controversy, 34, 41–42, 202–3, 295, 365

Torch relay, 156, 229, and Taiwan, 202–3, and Tibet, 203, 295

Torch relay sponsorship, 68; and design by Lenovo, 294–95; and Tokyo 1964, 122, 192

Torino 2006, 94, 341; and Lenovo, 292; and NBC, 299; and Nonaccredited Media Centers (NAMCs), 321–22, 328–30, 332

“Two system” government, 187, 204

Uighur, 6, 99

United Nations, and petition for Taiwan's recognition, 34; and recognition of PRC, 95

Vancouver 2010, 274, 328, 340–41, 377, 381, 385–86

VANOC. See Vancouver 2010

Visa, 75, 78, 290, 357

Weber, Max, 68–69, 204, 393

Wei Jingsheng, 23, 38

Wen Jiabao, 22, 39, 131

World Trade Organization (WTO), 19, 26, 28, 43, 187

WTO. See World Trade Organization

Wushu, 269, 307, 309–13, 318

Xinjiang Autonomous Region, 2, 41, 50, 202, 215, 217

Yao Ming, 31–32, 131, 135, 180

Yoshinori Sakai (atom boy), 122, 192

Yuan/currency appreciation, 362

Zhang Dali, 253–4

Zhang Yimou, 18, 31, 155, 179, 201, 269, 274, 281

Zhang Ziyi, 131, 135