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APPENDIX A Independent States since 1816 Table Al contains a revised list of independent states in the international system since 1816. For completeness, this list also includes some countries that disappeared from the international system before 1875 and as such are not included in the study period here. The criteria for identifying independent states are discussed in greater detail in Gleditsch and Ward 1999. For all entries, we suggest a COW-type numeric and threeletter acronym identifiers. TABLE A1. Independent States. 1816-1996 COW COW Number Identifier Name of State Start End 700 AFG Afghanistan 01.01.1816 30.12.1888 Afghanistan 01.05.1919 339 ALB Albania 01.01.1913 615 ALG Algeria 01.01.1816 05.07.1830 Algeria 05.07.1962 540 ANG Angola 11.11.1975 160 ARG Argentina 09.07.1816 371 ARM Armenia 23.09.1991 900 AUL Australia 01.01.1901 305 AUS Austria 14.11.1918 300 AUH Austria-Hungary 01.01.1816 13.11.1918 373 AZE Azerbaijan 03.08.1991 267 BAD Baden 01.01.1816 17.01.1871 31 BHM Bahamas 10.07.1973 692 BAH Bahrain 15.08.1971 771 BNG Bangladesh 16.12.1972 53 BAR Barbados 30.11.1966 245 BAY Bavaria 01.01.1816 17.01.1871 370 BLR Belarus (Byelorussia) 25.08.1991 211 BEL Belgium 04.1 0.1830 80 BLZ Belize 21.09.1981 434 BEN Benin 01.08.1960 760 BHU Bhutan 01.01.1949 145 BOL Bolivia 06.08.1825 346 BOS Bosnia-Herzegovina 01.04.1992 (continued) 203 TABLE A1-Continued COW COW Number Identifier Name of State Start End 571 BOT Botswana 30.09.1966 140 BRA Brazil 07.09.1822 835 BRU Brunei 01.01.1984 355 BUL Bulgaria 03.03.1878 439 BFO Burkina Faso (Upper Volta) 05.08.1960 516 BUI Burundi 01.07.1961 811 CAM Cambodia (Kampuchea) 01.01.1954 471 CAO Cameroon 01.01.1960 20 CAN Canada 07.01.1867 402 CAP Cape Verde 05.07.1975 482 CEN Central African RepUblic 13.08.1960 483 CHA Chad 11.08.1960 155 CHL Chile 01.04.1818 710 CHN China 01.01.1816 100 COL Colombia 23.09.1830 581 COM Comoros 06.07.1975 484 CON Congo 15.08.1961 490 DRC Congo, Democratic Republic of 30.06.1960 (Zaire) 94 COS Costa Rica 01.01.1840 437 CDI Cote D'Ivoire 07.08.1960 344 CRO Croatia 25.06.1991 40 CUB Cuba 20.05.1902 352 CYP Cyprus 16.08.1960 316 CZR Czech Republic 01.01.1993 315 CZE Czechoslovakia 01.01.1919 31.12.1992 390 DEN Denmark 01.01.1816 522 DJ! Djibouti 27.07.1977 42 DOM Dominican Republic 01.01.1845 130 ECU Ecuador 18.05.1830 651 EGY Egypt o1.01.l827 31.12.1882 Egypt 01.01.l922 92 SAL El Salvador 01.01.1840 411 EQG Equatorial Guinea 12.10.1960 531 ERI Eritrea 25.05.1993 366 EST Estonia 11.l1.1918 01.06.1940 Estonia 06.06.1991 530 ETH Ethiopia 11.02.1855 950 FJ! Fiji 10.09.1970 375 FIN Finland 06.12.1917 220 FRN France 01.01.l816 481 GAB Gabon 17.08.1960 420 GAM Gambia 18.02.1965 372 GRG Georgia 06.09.1991 265 GDR German Democratic Republic 21.09.1949 03.10.1990 260 GFR German Federal Republic 07.10.1949 255 GMY Germany (Prussia) 01.01.l816 08.05.1945 452 GHA Ghana 06.03.1957 [18.221.53.209] Project MUSE (2024-04-23 21:36 GMT) TABLE A1-Continued COW COW Number Identifier Name of State Start End 99 GCL Great Colombia 30.08.1821 22.08.1830 350 GRC Greece 17.05.1827 90 GUA Guatemala 01.01.1840 438 GUI Guinea 02.10.1958 404 GNB Guinea-Bissau 10.09.1974 110 GUY Guyana 26.05.1966 41 HAl Haiti ol.01.1816 01.01.1915 Haiti 15.08.1934 240 HAN Hanover 01.01.1816 17.01.1871 275 HSD Hesse, Darmstadt (ducal) 01.01.1816 17.01.1871 273 HSE Hesse, Kassel (electoral) 01.01.1816 17.01.1871 91 HON Honduras 01.01.1840 310 HUN Hungary 03.11.1918 395 ICE Iceland 17.06.1944 750 IND India 15.08.1947 850 INS Indonesia 17.08.1945 630 IRN Iran (Persia) 01.01.1816 645 IRQ Iraq 03.10.1932 205 IRE Ireland 06.12.1921 666 ISR Israel 14.05...

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