Staging Masculinity: The Rhetoric of Performance in the Roman World

Notes

Notes Introduction 1. Maier-Eichhorn 1989 offers a useful, straightforward reading of Quintilian , and she includes two appendices illustrating specific gestures. 2. For the sociology of rhetoric, one can see, for example, Habinek 1995; Sinclair 1995a, 1995b. Examples of a more historical approach might be the reading of Cicero's Pro Archia in Narducci 1997 or the readings of the fragmentary speeches of Cicero offered by Crawford 1994. Obviously, though none of these scholars is solely concerned with one sort of inquiry over the other. 3. See Derrida 1981 and Ferrari 1987, 208-10. Charles 1992 provides a Lancanian reading of this dialogue. Also, it should be noted that Cicero's De oratore is itself heavily influenced by the Phaedrus. 4. See Lloyd 1993 for an account of the maleness of reason in Western thought as a whole. Irigaray revisits Plato's cave and describes the problems of speculative hysteria to be found therein (Irigaray 1985, 243-364). 5. On melancholic identification, see Butler 1997b, 132-50. The problems of heterosexuality and the gendering of speech to which Butler's reading of melancholy gives rise will be discussed in subsequent chapters. 6. ut cognoscas quae viri omnium eloquentissimi clarissimique senserint de omni ratione dicendi. De oratore 1.5. 7. atque ego in summo oratorefingendo talem informabo qualis fortasse nemo fuit. non enim quaero quis fuerit, sed quid sit illud quo nihil possit esse praestantius. Orator 7. 8. On the formal aspects of the Brutus as an "Aristotelian" dialogue, see BUchner 1964, 324. 9. Cato, De rhetorica fro 14; preserved in Seneca Maior Controversiae 1.pr.9. 10. The bibliography on the vir bonus is extensive. On the persistence of Cato's formulation in Roman thought see Kennedy 1972,56-57. Michel 1960, 1516 highlights the social usefulness of the good man. Winterbottom 1964 argues that Quintilian's use of the vir bonus is a reaction to delatores, men who turned a profit by accusing the politically vulnerable. Gwynn 1926, 230-41 explains Quintilian's phrase by way of a general moral reaction against his age. Michel 1960, 19-38 covers the morality of oratory in general. Laughton 1961, 28 insists upon the Romanness of such a rhetorical morality. Brinton 1983 relates Quintilian's good man to Platonic thought. 231 232 NOTES TO PAGES 7-14 11. For a much fuller account of morality and education that encompasses both Greek and contemporary thought, see Too, forthcoming. 12. In both Greek and Latin, the terms for child, :TtUL£ and puer, can also mean slave. Hence the opposition between man and "boy" revolves around the issue of either being in power and authority or being subject to someone else's power and authority. Compare Golden 1985. 13. Walters 1997 offers a detailed analysis of the semantic and social field covered by the Roman term vir. See also Santoro L'Hoir 1992. 14. See Hellegouarc'h 1963, 489-90 on the mercurial use of the term boni. The appellation reflects partisanship, not a fixed content. 15. For the political reading of bonus and the Latin words with which it is associated, see Hellegouarc'h 1963, 184-95. Sinclair 1993 covers the social status of the orator as leading citizen. 16. The Oxford Latin Dictionary cites Plautus, Captivi 583: "It's characteristic of the down-and-out to be spiteful and to envy good [i.e. affluent] men" (est miserorum ut malevolentes sint atque invideant bonis). 17. This formulation expressly picks up on a definition of gender offered by Butler 1990b, 270-71. Her arguments concerning gender and performance will be discussed in more detail below. 18. Gleason 1995, xxv. For habitus, see Bourdieu 1990, 52-65, and, as Bourdieu 's predecessor in such a use of the term, Mauss 1973, 73. 19. A critique of psychoanalysis is put in these terms. See Bourdieu 1990, 77. 20. Bourdieu 1990, 26. Bourdieu is himself quoting from others. 21. Lausberg 1990 comes close to complete objectivist complicity, though. Similarly, Fantham 1982 might be described as heavily influenced by a subjectivist approach. Gotoff 1993 is also highly intentionalist. 22. "Reflexive sociology" is Bourdieu's name for his project as a whole. See Bourdieu and Wacquant 1992 for an overview. 23. See Rhetorica ad Herennium 3.16.19ff. The text asserts that delivery is an overlooked department of oratory, but compare the next example. 24. Aristotle, Rhetoric 1403b20ff. Compare 1413b9, where the so-called written style and the spoken style of composition are contrasted relative to their amenability to...