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Sources
- University of Michigan Press
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Sources The primary sources for this book are my personal observations as the events described unfolded, on-site investigations of fifteen urban areas from 1979 through 1981 to study the extent and impact of desegregation efforts, and my review of trial records, briefs on appeal, and judicial decisions. In addition, newspaper accounts, other secondary sources, and interviews with witnesses, lawyers, public officials, and concerned citizens that were conducted from July, 1979, to February, 1980, are utilized as follows. Part 1: Gerber, Black Ohio and the Color Line; and interviews with Phyllis Greer and John Harewood. Part 2: Bill Grant's numerous articles in the Detroit Free Press; Grant, "The Detroit School Case"; E. Hain, "School Desegregation in Detroit"; and interviews with Nate Jones, Bill Grant, and Lou Lucas. * Part 3: Interviews with Phyllis Greer, John Harewood, Nate Jones, and Lou Lucas. Part 4: Interviews with Alex Polikoff, Kale Williams, and David Tatel. Farley et al., "Barriers to the Racial Integration of Neighborhoods"; Garland, "Cabrini-Green to Willow Creek" and "Willow Creek Revisited"; "The Gautreaux Decision and Its Effect on Subsidized Housing," Hawley and Rock, eds., Segregation in Residential Areas; Hermalin and Farley, "The Potential for Residential Integration in Cities and Suburbs"; HUD, "The Gautreaux Housing Demonstration" and "Preliminary Findings of the 1977 Housing Market Practice Survey"; Orfield, Must We Bus; Polikoff, Housing the Poor; Roof, ed., Symposium on "Race and Residence in American *Professor Wolfe, in her book Trial and Error (1981), challenges Judge Roth's understanding of the basic facts, and criticizes the evidentiary restrictions and tactical limitations on the types of inquiry undertaken in the case based on her reading of the written transcript. Although she concedes that the evidence of racial discrimination in housing was abundant (p. 80). she challenges the causal link between the current racial separation and that history of discrimination. She also challenges the proof that the school authorities acted intentionally to segregate any schools; and, even if they had, she questions whether their actions had any long-term impact in view of the pervasive racial separation that she sees as an innocent matter of voluntary clustering common to all ethnic groups and of socioeconomic life-style choices. neither of which school boards control. Her review of the transcript. however, misses all of the nuances and dynamics (e.g., visual exhibits, credibility of witnesses. electric revelations in demeanor) that might test her conception. In contrast, Judge Roth, who shared Wolfe's basic worldview before the trial in the case, was moved by the presentations in his courtroom to see a larger responsibility of the state as a whole for an interlocking web of public and private activities fueling a discriminatory system of racial ghettoization, in which school authorities play an important. but only contributing , part. 415 416 Sources Cities"; Sorensen et al., "Indexes of Racial Residential Segregation"; Taeuber, "Demographic Perspectives in Housing and School Segregation" and Negroes in Cities; Van Valey et aI., "Trends in Residential Segregation, 1960-1970." I also reviewed various presidential papers, congressional hearings, and HUD evaluations of federal housing programs. Part 5: Interviews with Helen Davis, Barbee Durham, Tom Atkins, Lou Lucas, and Nate Jones. I also reviewed articles on the Columbus school case from the Columbus Citizen-Journal and Columbus Dispatch. Part 6: Interviews with Louis Redding, Joseph Johnson, John Parres, Lou Lucas, and Bill Taylor. I also reviewed articles on the Wilmington school case from the Wilmington Evening Journal, Wilmington Morning News, and Washington Post. Part 7: Interviews with Nate Jones, Lou Lucas, Bill Caldwell, Bill Taylor, Norman Chackhin, Louis Redding, and Tom Atkins. I also reviewed articles on the Dayton, Columbus, and Wilmington cases in the New York Times, Washington Post, Wilmington News Journal, and Columbus Citizen-Journal ...