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205 Glos­ sary French Words ca­ chot: Local de­ ten­ tion cen­ ter. Con­ seil su­ pé­ rieur: High Coun­ cil. fonc­ tion­ naire: Pub­ lic ser­ vant. gen­ darmes: Po­ lice. gé­ noc­ i­ daires: In­ di­ vid­ u­ als (al­ most ex­ clu­ sively eth­ nic Hutu) who fall into one of two broad cat­ e­ go­ ries: (1) those con­ victed of acts of gen­ o­ cide ­ through for­ mal legal chan­ nels (ga­ caca, do­ mes­ tic and inter­ na­ tional ­ courts), mean­ ing they are bona fide per­ pe­ tra­ tors of acts of gen­ o­ cide; (2) those who are be­ lieved to have par­ tic­ i­ pated in acts of gen­ o­ cide (re­ gard­ less of avail­ able ev­ i­ dence). Pères ­ Blancs: White ­ Fathers. ti­ gistes: In­ di­ vid­ u­ als who per­ form work in the pub­ lic inter­ est. travaux d’intérêt général: Works in the general interest. Kin­ yar­ wanda Words ab­ a­ cen­ gezi: In­ fil­ tra­ tors. ab­ a­ hinza: Hutu kings. abiru: Of­ fi­ cial rit­ u­ al­ ists, mean­ ing cus­ to­ dian of royal tra­ di­ tion as well as its rit­ u­ als and se­ crets. akazu: Lit­ er­ ally, lit­ tle hut. Used to refer to the inner cir­ cle of po­ lit­ i­ cal power under Pres­ i­ dent Hab­ ya­ ri­ mana be­ fore the gen­ o­ cide and to Pres­ i­ dent ­ Kagame’s inner cir­ cle since 2001. Ba­ kiga: Peo­ ple from the Kiga re­ gion in pre­ co­ lo­ nial north­ ern ­ Rwanda. Dur­ ing the Sec­ ond Re­ pub­ lic, used to mean peo­ ple of north­ east­ ern ­ Rwanda (Gi­ senyi, Ru­ hen­ geri, and By­ umba). Ban­ ya­ mu­ lenge: Peo­ ple of Rwan­ dan or­ i­ gin from the Mu­ lenge hills in south­ ern Kivu (Congo) who fol­ low Rwan­ dan cus­ toms and cul­ tural codes. Ban­ yar­ wanda: Peo­ ple of ­ Rwanda. ce­ ceka (from the verb gu­ ce­ ceka): Shut up or be quiet. 206 Glossary ga­ caca: Tra­ di­ tion­ ally, the spot where ­ local-level dis­ pute res­ o­ lu­ tion takes place (lit­ er­ ally, lawn or grass); the post­ gen­ o­ cide mean­ ing is neo­ tra­ di­ tional ­ community-based ­ courts that are out­ side the for­ mal ju­ di­ cial ­ system. ib­ i­ ron­ gozi: ­ Colonial-era local ad­ min­ is­ tra­ tors. ib­ yitso: Ac­ com­ plices. ic­ yi­ hebe (pl. ib­ yi­ hebe): Fear­ less. Al­ ways used with a neg­ a­ tive con­ no­ ta­ tion. Since 2012, has meant “ter­ ror­ ist.” ig­ i­ pinga (pl. ib­ i­ pinga): Lit­ er­ ally, peo­ ple with ­ deep-rooted prin­ ci­ ples. Since 2011, the term has been ­ adopted by govern­ ment ca­ dres to name and shame ­ whoever tries to op­ pose RPF ideol­ ogy and pro­ grams. Gen­ er­ ally used to mean Hutu op­ po­ nents. im­ i­ higo: ­ Performance-based ­ contracts that ren­ der local of­ fi­ cials ac­ count­ able to the cen­ tral govern­ ment. Im­ pu­ zam­ u­ gambi: Lit­ er­ ally, those with a com­ mon goal (youth wing of the CDR). in­ gando: Re­ ed­ u­ ca­ tion camp. Inter­ ahamwe: Title of the youth wing of the MRND, lit­ er­ ally, those who at­ tack to­ gether. in­ yan­ gam­ u­ gayo: Title given to ga­ caca ­ judges, lit­ er­ ally, those who ­ detest dis­ grace. in­ yenzi: Cock­ roach (used to iden­ tify Tutsi in­ fil­ tra­ tors in 1960 and again in the 1990s). inzu: House.­ isambu: Large areas of land tra­ di­ tion­ ally ad­ min­ is­ tered by hill ­ chiefs to their sub­ or­ di­ nates. The chief held own­ er­ ship but al­ lowed the land to be ­ farmed in ex­ change for trib­ ute and cor­ vée labor. ma­ bati: Iron roof sheet­ ing. mwami: King. nyumbakumi: Literally, ten houses. Refers to both groupings of ten households and the elected official responsible for managing Rwanda’s smallest administrative unit. panga: Ma­ chete. she­ buja: One’s pa­ tron. ubu­ hake: Tra­ di­ tional ­ system of vas­ sal­ age. It des­ ig­ nated the ­ system in which cat­ tle own­ ers (usu­ ally but not ex­ clu­ sively Tutsi) would give cat­ tle to their cli­ ents (usu­ ally but not ex­ clu­ sively eth­ nic Hutu) in...

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