Afterimage of the Revolution: Cumann na nGaedheal and Irish Politics, 1922–1932

Notes

List of Abbreviations DD Dáil debates (Dáil Éireann, Díospóireachtaí Parlaiminte) DIFP Documents on Irish Foreign Policy (ed. Fanning, Kennedy, Keogh, and O’Halpin) NAI National Archives of Ireland NLI National Library of Ireland UCDA University College Dublin Archives Introduction. Cumann na nGaedheal, Historians, and the Irish Revolution 1. Most, although not all, of the historians working on this period have conceded that the events of the 1910s and 1920s in Ireland collectively merit the term “revolution .” David Fitzpatrick, Politics and Irish Life, 1913–1921: Provincial Experience of War and Revolution (Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, 1977), quoted in Charles Townshend, “Historiography,” in The Irish Revolution, 1913–1923, ed. Joost Augusteijn (New York: Palgrave, 2002), 3; D. George Boyce, “Introduction,” in The Revolution in Ireland, 1879– 1923, ed. D. George Boyce (Basingstoke: Macmillan Education, 1988), 1; Diarmaid Ferriter, The Transformation of Ireland (Woodstock: The Overlook Press, 2004), 188; Michael Laffan, The Resurrection of Ireland: The Sinn Féin Party, 1916–1923 (Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2005), xvi–xvii. Many historians have qualified this somewhat by noting that the Irish revolution was not a social revolution. This sentiment was first raised in Patrick Lynch, “The Social Revolution That Never Was,” in The Irish Struggle, 1916–1926, ed. T. Desmond Williams (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1966), 41. Others have echoed this, most notably Mary Daly, Industrial Development and Irish National Identity, 1922–1939 (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1992), 15; Laffan, Resurrection of Ireland, 117, 310–11, 315; Peter Hart, The IRA at War, 1916–1923 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 21; and Michael Hopkinson , The Irish War of Independence (Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, 2004), 20. A few have 255 Notes noted the radical potential in the Irish revolution, most notably Fergus Campbell, Land and Revolution: Nationalist Politics in the West of Ireland, 1891–1921 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 2, 226, 282. 2. Richard Stites, Revolutionary Dreams: Utopian Vision and Experimental Life in the Russian Revolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 3. 3. Generally, historians have considered “Treatyite” and “Cumann na nGaedheal” and “Free Staters” to be broadly similar terms. I will follow that convention in this manuscript, even though the Cumann na nGaedheal party did not formally exist until April 1923. 4. Joseph Curran, The Birth of the Irish Free State, 1921–1923 (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1980), 132, 259, 136, 280–81. 5. Leo Kohn, The Constitution of the Irish Free State (London: Allen and Unwin, 1932), 71, 80. 6. F. S. L. Lyons, Ireland Since the Famine (Redlands: Fontana Press, 1985), 479. 7. Maryann Gialanella Valiulis, Portrait of a Revolutionary: General Richard Mulcahy and the Founding of the Irish Free State (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1992). 8. John P. McCarthy, Kevin O’Higgins: Builder of the Irish State (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 2006). 9. John M. Regan, “Southern Irish Nationalism as a Historical Problem,” Historical Journal 50, no. 1 (2007): 197. 10. This work will follow the convention of referring to anti-Treatyites as “republicans ” after the signing of the Treaty. While this has the effect of appearing to deny that some Treatyites were themselves republicans, and of making the split over the Treaty seem as if it was between republicans and moderates, the nomenclature existed at the time and has become conventional since, and it seems not very useful to attempt to change it. 11. Regan, “Southern Irish Nationalism,” 197. 12. Ibid., 217. 13. Valiulis, Portrait of a Revolutionary, 173; Bill Kissane, The Politics of the Irish Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 151; Terence Brown, Ireland: A Social and Cultural History, 1922 to the Present (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1985). 14. Mike Cronin, “The State on Display: The 1924 Tailteann Art Competition,” New Hibernia Review 9, no. 3 (Fall 2005): 50. 15. R. F. Foster, Modern Ireland, 1600–1972 (London: Penguin, 1989), 516. 16. Mary Kotsonouris, Retreat from Revolution: The Dáil Courts, 1920–24 (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1994), 3. 17. Townshend, “Historiography,” 7. 18. Kissane, Politics of the Irish Civil War, 23. 19. Ibid., 28, 36. 20. Ibid., 37, 165, 84. 21. Anne Dolan, Commemorating the Irish Civil War: History and Memory, 1923– 2000 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 184, 124. 22. Ibid., 39, 42–43. 256 Notes to Pages 5–9 23. Campbell, Land and Revolution, 282. 24. John M. Regan, The Irish Counter-Revolution, 1921–1936: Treatyite Politics and Settlement in Independent Ireland (Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, 2001), xii. 25. Ibid., xvi. 26. Ibid., 137–38. 27...