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107 Notes Intro­ duc­ tion 1. I some­ times use the term “Russo-Soviet” ­ rather than “So­ viet” in this study to in­ di­ cate its re­ stric­ tion (due to the lim­ its of my own lin­ guis­ tic com­ pe­ tence, in part) to ­ Russian-language ver­ sions of/re­ sponses to ­ Stowe’s novel dur­ ing the life­ time of the So­ viet Union (1922–91). The novel was ­ widely read in Rus­ sian in So­ viet re­ pub­ lics out­ side the ­ USSR’s Rus­ sian “cos­ mo­ pol­ i­ tan cen­ ter,” how­ ever, and edi­ tions in other So­ viet lan­ guages no doubt ­ shared fea­ tures char­ ac­ ter­ is­ tic of the ­ Russo-Soviet ver­ sions (dis­ cussed later). All trans­ la­ tions are my own un­ less oth­ er­ wise noted. In the main text and index, I use fa­ mil­ iar En­ glish ren­ der­ ings of Rus­ sian names (e.g., Cher­ ny­ shev­ sky); for pur­ poses of bib­ lio­ graph­ i­ cal ac­ cu­ racy and to make it ­ easier to trace ­ sources, I use a more for­ mal transcrip­ tion ­ system in the end­ notes (e.g., Cher­ ny­ shevs­ kij). 2. The same com­ ment (minus the ref­ er­ ence to ­ Feuchtwanger’s novel) ap­ pears in a let­ ter writ­ ten the same day by Tsve­ taeva to Ar­ i­ adna Berg (Sob­ ra­ nie so­ chin­ e­ nij, 7:532). 3. See Raz­ u­ mov­ sky, Ma­ rina Tsve­ taeva, 278–300. Ser­ gei and Ar­ i­ adna Efron had be­ come So­ viet sym­ pa­ thiz­ ers while in ­ France; Ser­ gei fled to the USSR after fall­ ing under sus­ pi­ cion of being in­ volved in the mur­ der of So­ viet de­ fec­ tor Ig­ na­ tij Rejss (1899–1937). Ar­ i­ adna Efron (1912–75) had a mis­ car­ riage after being ­ beaten by the se­ cret po­ lice; she had been the first to re­ turn to the USSR, in March 1937, and was in­ car­ cer­ ated twice by the re­ gime (1939–47; 1949–55). 4. See Ma­ matey and Luzha, His­ tory of the Czech­ o­ slo­ vak Re­ pub­ lic, 239–52. 5. Tsve­ taeva wrote nine more let­ ters to ­ Tesková (out of at least 120); the last was writ­ ten on 12 June 1939, just be­ fore ­ Tsvetaeva’s de­ par­ ture for the USSR. Pre­ vi­ ous let­ ters refer ex­ pli­ citly to the ­ Czech-German sit­ u­ a­ tion. See Sob­ ra­ nie so­ chin­ e­ nij, 6:467–80. 6. See Pehle, No­ vem­ ber 1938. 108 Notes to pages 5–7 7. On ­ Tsvetaeva’s fus­ ings/blur­ rings of con­ ven­ tional gen­ der dis­ tinc­ tions in her writ­ ing, see the chap­ ter “The Death of the Poet­ ess” in Boym, Death in Quo­ ta­ tion Marks, esp. 210. Al­ though Tsve­ taeva is not usu­ ally ­ thought of as an “ac­ ti­ vist” ­ writer, her poems to Czech­ o­ slo­ va­ kia (writ­ ten ­ around the same time) are in fact full of calls for armed re­ sis­ tance. 8. “Poem of the End,” in Tsve­ taeva, Se­ lected Poems, 86–87. ­ Though trans­ lated by Fein­ stein as “Jews,” the last word of the sec­ tion (zhidy, ­ rather than evrei [Jews]) is, in Rus­ sian, quite un­ am­ big­ u­ ous in mean­ ing. 9. For pro­ duc­ ing and dis­ semi­ nat­ ing what was ­ termed “anti-Soviet prop­ a­ ganda,” Sin­ yav­ sky and Dan­ iel were tried and sen­ tenced in Feb­ ru­ ary 1966 to in­ car­ cer­ a­ tion in labor camps for seven and five years, re­ spec­ tively; their trial and con­ vic­ tion ­ helped pro­ voke the rise of dis­ si­ dence in the USSR. See Suny, So­ viet Ex­ peri­ ment, 421–34. 10. While writ­ ing the com­ ment ­ quoted in the epi­ graph, Paus­ tov­ sky might have had a fa­ mous re­ mark on Stowe by one of his idols, Anton Chek­ hov, at the back of his mind. At the age of nine­ teen, Chek­ hov wrote in a let­ ter to his ­ brother Mi­ khail: “Did Ma­ dame ­ Beecher Stowe bring tears to your eyes? I used to read her some time ago, but then about six ­ months ago I read ­ through her book in a­ spirit...

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