From the Womb to the Body Politic: Raising the Nation in Enlightenment Russia

Notes

Introduction 1. Ekaterina Dashkova, “O smysle slova vospitanie,” Sobesednik liubitelei rossiiskogo slova 2 (1783): 21. 2. David L. Ransel, Mothers of Misery: Child Abandonment in Russia (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988); N. A. Lavrovskii, O pedagogicheskom znachenii sochinenii Ekateriny Velikoi (Kharkov, 1856); E. Likhacheva, Materialy dlia istorii zhenskogo obrazovanii v Rossii (1086–1796) (St. Petersburg, 1890); N. P. Cherepnin, Imperatorskoe vospitatel’noe obshchestvo blagorodnykh devits: Istoricheskii ocherk, 1764–1914 (St. Petersburg , 1914); J. L. Black, Citizens for the Fatherland: Education, Educators, and Pedagogical Ideals in Eighteenth-Century Russia (Boulder, CO: East European Quarterly, 1979); Max Okenfuss, The Discovery of Childhood in Russia: The Evidence of the Slavic Primer (Newtonville , MA: Oriental Research Partners, 1980); George K. Epp, The Educational Policies of Catherine II: The Era of Enlightenment in Russia (New York: Peter Lang, 1984); I. P. Maklakova, “Reformy obrazovaniia vtoroi poloviny XVIII veka,” in Otechestvennaia istoriia: Liudi, sobytiia, mysl’, ed. A. A. Sevast’ianova (Riazan’, 1998), 95–106. 3. David L. Ransel, ed., The Family in Imperial Russia: New Lines of Historical Research (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1978); Jessica Tovrov, The Russian Noble Family: Structure and Change (New York: Garland, 1987); Robin Bisha, “The Promise of Patriarchy : Marriage in Eighteenth-Century Russia” (PhD diss., Indiana University, 1994); Natal’ia Pushkareva, Chastnaia zhizn’ russkoi zhenshchiny: Nevesta, zhena, liubovnitsa (Moscow, 1997); Olga E. Glagoleva, Dream and Reality of Russian Provincial Young Ladies, 1700–1850 (Pittsburgh, PA: Center for Russian and Eastern European Studies, University of Pittsburgh, 2000). 4. On the later nineteenth century, see Samuel C. Ramer, “Childbirth and Culture: Midwifery in the Nineteenth-Century Russian Countryside,” in Ransel, Family in Imperial Russia, 218–35. For the twentieth century, see Nancy M. Frieden, “Childcare: Medical Reform in a Traditionalist Culture,” in Ransel, Family in Imperial Russia, 236– 59, and also Natalia Chernyaeva, “Childcare Manuals and Construction of Motherhood in Russia, 1890–1990” (PhD diss., University of Iowa, 2009). With respect to the eighteenth century, I have in mind the following excellent general works on women’s Notes 157 history and collections of essays and primary sources related to women’s history: Natal’ia Pushkareva, Women in Russian History: From the Tenth to the Twentieth Century , trans. and ed. Eve Levin (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1997); Barbara Alpern Engel, Women in Russia, 1700–2000 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004); Robin Bisha et al., eds., Russian Women, 1698–1917: Experience and Expression; An Anthology of Sources (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2002); Wendy Rosslyn, ed., Women and Gender in Eighteenth-Century Russia (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2003); Wendy Rosslyn and Alessandra Tosi, Women in Russian Culture and Society, 1700–1825 (Basingstoke, UK, 2007). 5. Marta Gutman and Ning de Coninck-Smith, eds., Designing Modern Childhoods : History, Space, and the Material Culture of Children (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2008). On eighteenth-century European experiments in child rearing , see Julia V. Douthwaite, The Wild Girl, Natural Man, and the Monster: Dangerous Experiments in the Age of Enlightenment (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002); Jennifer Popiel, “‘Education Is but Habit’: Childhood, Individuality, and Self-Control in France, 1762–1833” (PhD diss., University of Pennsylvania, 2000). For nineteenthand twentieth-century Russian and Soviet childhood studies, see Lisa A. Kirschenbaum , Small Comrades: Revolutionizing Childhood in Soviet Russia, 1917–1932 (New York: RoutledgeFalmer, 2001); Boris Gorshkov, Russia’s Factory Children: State, Society, and Law, 1800–1917 (Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2009); Catriona Kelly, Children’s World: Growing Up in Russia, 1890–1991 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007). 6. See note 2. Also, Jan Kusber, “Individual, Subject, and Empire: Toward a Discourse on Upbringing, Education, and Schooling in the Time of Catherine II,” Ab Imperio, no. 2 (2008): 125–56. 7. Philippe Ariès, Centuries of Childhood: A Social History of Family Life (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1962), 33–49. For a summary of earlier responses to Ariès, see Richard Alan Meckel, “Childhood and the Historians: A Review Essay,” Journal of Family History 9 (Winter 1984): 415–24, and for a quick but useful account of some of the subsequent historiographical debates, see Rudolf Dekker, Childhood, Memory, and Autobiography in Holland (London, 2000), 3–4. 8. The most recent review of Ariès’s influence is offered by Colin Heywood, “Centuries of Childhood: An Anniversary—and an Epitaph?,” Journal of the History of Childhood and Youth 3, no. 3 (2010): 343–65. 9. Ibid. 10. Gutman and Coninck-Smith, Designing Modern Childhoods; Allyson M. Poska, “Babies on Board: Women, Children, and...