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153 Notes Chap ter 1. A South ern Be gin ning 1. The early mis sion ar ies wrote hymns to the tune of Ste phen Foster’s songs. A few are still part of the Prot es tant hym nol ogy in Bra zil today. 2. Charles R. Wilson’s per cep tive book Bap tized in Blood: The Re li gion of the Lost Cause, 1865–1920 (Ath ens: Uni ver sity of Geor gia Press, 1980) first brought to my at ten tion the ex tent to which a south ern civil re li gion had evolved in the after math of the Civil War. Many of its shrines, such as the tomb of Gen eral Rob ert E. Lee, the bu rial place of Stone wall Jack son, and im por tant Civil War bat tle fields, are lo cated in the She nan doah Val ley. 3. The early mis sion ar ies to the Bra zil ian field tended to come more from rural areas of the South and from the more con ser va tive wings of their de nom i na tions. They brought a stricter ver sion of their faith, one with more re stric tive guide lines, to my home land. For more in for ma tion on their dem o graph ics and re li gious cul ture, see Ro nald G. Frase, “The Sub ver sion of Mis sion ary In ten tions by Cul tural Val ues: The Bra zil ian Case,” Re view of Re li gious Re search 23 (1981): 180–94; and Paul E. Pier son, A Younger Church in Search of Ma tur ity: Pres by ter ian ism in Bra zil from 1910 to 1959 (San An to nio: Trin ity Uni ver sity Press, 1974). Pier son served as a mis sion ary in my home town of Re cife and taught at the Seminário Pres bi ter i ano do Norte do Bra sil. 4. For a short sur vey of Dom João VI’s Bra zil ian so journ, see chap. 2 of Rode rick J. Barman’s Bra zil: The Forg ing of a Na tion, 1798–1852 (Stan ford: Stan ford Uni ver sity Press, 1988). For a de tailed Por tu guese ac count, see Lau ren tino Gomes’s 1808: Como Uma Rainha Louca, Um Príncipe Me droso e Uma Corte Cor rupta En gan a ram Napoleão e Mu da ram A História De Por tu gal e Do Bra sil (São Paulo: Ed i tora Pla neta Bra sil, 2007). 5. James S. Olson and Heather Olson Beal, The Eth nic Di men sion in American His tory (Mal den, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010), 5–6. 154 Notes to pages 7–11 6. Blanche H. C. Weaver’s “Con fed er ate Im mi grants and Ev an gel i cal Churches in Bra zil,” Jour nal of South ern His tory 18 (1952): 446–68, of fers a more thorough treat ment. 7. See Dan iel P. Kid der and James C. Fletcher, Bra zil and the Bra zil ians: Por trayed in His tor i cal and De scrip tive Sketches (Phil a del phia: Charles and Pe ter son, 1857). 8. See Weaver’s “Con fed er ate Im mi grants and Ev an gel i cal Churches in Bra zil,” 447–52. 9. Blanche H. C. Weaver presents the more con ser va tive num bers, based on jour nals and inter views; the larger fig ure comes from data on port records in Rio de Ja neiro gath ered by Betty de Ol i veira as quoted in Alan M. Tigay’s “The Deep est South: Five Thou sand Miles below Mason-Dixon Line, a Bra zil ian Com mu nity Cel e brates its Ties to Ante bel lum Amer ica,” American Her i tage 49 (1998): 84–95. 10. One com men ta tor men tions a col ony in San ta rém, one in Bahia, and two in São Paulo. See James E. Bear’s Mis sion to Bra zil (Nash ville: Board of World Mis sion, Pres by ter ian Church U.S., 1961), 5. 11. Two de scen dants of the Bra zil ian Con fed er ates, Cyrus B. and James M. Daw sey, offer a de tailed ac count of their ancestors’ ex...