Doubt, Atheism, and the Nineteenth-Century Russian Intelligentsia

Index

acedia, 130, 137–38, 139, 141, 170, 188; in Orthodox theology, 130, 246n36; as spiritual aridity, 41, 46, 47 afterlife. See immortality agnosticism, 3, 211 Alexander I, 8, 23, 28, 32, 205 Alexander II, 140, 155, 170, 202, 252n26; as Antichrist, 167; associated with Orthodox Church, 161, 162; false manifestos attributed to, 160, 174; and the Great Reforms, 13, 136, 140, 156, 249n75 Anastasii (Bratanovskii), 93, 106 Annenkov, Pavel V., 79, 138–39 antiauthoritarianism, 98; directed against God, 98, 100; directed against teachers and school directors, 113, 123, 184, 242n118, 243n120, 244n6; directed against the state, 56, 98, 103, 136. See also authority Antichrist, 93, 115, 156, 251n15; in Bible, 157; Old Believer views of, 156, 175–76; Prince of darkness, 28; in revolutionary propaganda, 166, 167, 175–76 Antonelli, Petr D., 95, 111, 112, 116, 235n23, 242n113 Apocalypse, 155, 156–58; and atheism, 154, 167–68, 178; in Bible, 156–58; expectation of, among revolutionaries, 17, 148, 153, 159–60, 164, 173–74, 250n1; millenarianism among Old Believers and sectarians, 165; millenarianism and intelligentsia , 15, 213; Orthodox Christian views of, 158; in revolutionary manifestos, 161–63, 166–68, 169; sociological explanations of, 157, 251n11 apostle, 147; appellation for revolutionary propagandists, 125, 170, 178, 256n71; in the Christian tradition, 177, 178, 258– 59n113 atheism, 4, 11–12, 89–208; as an assertion of human independence, 98–99, 101, 103, 128, 132, 144, 165–68, 173; deemed unspeakable by the nobility, 84–85, 92, 109–12, 140; definition of, 3; in the eighteenth century, 4, 10–12; history of the term, 4, 215n3; image of the atheist as anarchic, 4, 12, 28, 93–94, 109, 116; image of the atheist as depraved, 4, 84, 93–94, 96, 106–9; image of the atheist as fool,93;imageoftheatheistastempter, 93–94, 107, 108, 113, 240n86; as a politicalstatement ,104,109,140,172–73;asa religion,14–15,20;intheSoviet Union, 15, 18, 154, 180, 212–13, 249n89. See also God; Left Hegelianism; materialism; science; suicide authority, 100; of the Bible, 167, 173; of political rulers, 15, 29, 55, 94, 205; of the Russian Orthodox Church, 9–10, 164. See also antiauthoritarianism autocracy, 8; opposition to, 64, 73, 121, 136, 170, 198, 263n76; and the Russian Orthodox Church, 8–9, 55, 58, 64 Bakunin, Mikhail A., 52, 67, 70, 72, 219n56 Bauer, Bruno, 124, 247n47 293 Index Bekman, Iakov N., 160, 163, 165 Belinsky,VissarionG.,73,83,86,210;and doubt, 22, 52; and Hegel, 70, 72; as an inspiration to Chernyshevsky and Dobroliubov, 120, 125, 129, 133, 137; “Letter to Gogol,” 112–13, 116; as a member of the Stankevich circle, 67, 219n56; as a superfluous man, 139 Benckendorff, Alexander Kh., 63 Berdiaev, Nikolai A., 14, 213 Berlin, Isaiah, 6, 41 Bible, 11, 36, 57, 65, 175, 260n19; as reading matter for the nobility, 10, 32, 33–35. See also Russian Bible Society; Russian Orthodox Church; theology Biriukov, Arkadii A., 171, 174, 175–77, 179 Blagosvetlov, Grigorii E., 189, 198, 203, 261n32 Blanc, Louis, 126 blasphemy: as an accusation in the Petrashevsky trial, 101, 107, 109, 118; prosecution of, 8–9, 89, 217n19 Botkin, Vasilii P., 67, 84–85 Büchner, Ludwig, 140, 141, 142, 146, 210, 261n34; Force and Matter, 142 Bulgarin, Faddei V., 26, 94, 107 Butashevich-Petrashevskii, Mikhail. See Petrashevsky, Mikhail P. Catherine II, 8, 12, 133 censorship, 12–13; consequences for expression of anti-religious thought, 13, 120, 128, 137, 141; of journals, 26, 37, 85, 147, 198; of newspapers, 85, 97. See also blasphemy : prosecution of Chaadaev, Petr Ia., 5, 16, 68 Chadwick, Owen, 211, 249n80 Chernyshevsky, Nikolai G., 120–49; and acedia, 130, 137–38, 170; attitude toward his readers, 121, 135, 136–37, 140; and crisis of faith, 121, 124, 125–28; education , 122–23, 129; friendship with Dobroliubov , 133–35; as an inspiration to 1860s radicals, 154–55, 170, 179; and materialism, 140–43, 146; and men of the 1840s, 129, 135, 137–39; and “new people,” 146–47, 159, 199; and the Petrashevskii circle, 118, 125, 127; as proponent of atheism, 120, 124, 128, 140, 181, 188, 193; rejection of doubt, 133–34, 138, 146, 201; relationship to his parents, 122, 246n26; social status, 121, 122, 133–34; views on ethics, 118–19, 140, 142–43, 147, 186; Works: “The Aesthetic Relation of Art to Reality,” 128, 133; “Russian Man at a Rendez-vous,” 137–38; What Is to Be Done?, 146–47, 159, 196 Christ: connection with church denied, 112, 161; divinity denied...