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INDEX Agrarian indebtedness: growth of, 68-69, 139-40; causes of, 140-41,217-20 Agricultural credit: need for, 63; traditional sources of, 65; types of loans for, 65-66, 68, 139, 187-88; and Burmese moneylenders, 66,110-11, 136-37, 174; and Indian moneylenders , 66, 117; government sources of, 67-68, 138, 186-87; Chinese sources of, 117-18, 138-39, 174; division of clientele for, 118; sources of, in transition period, 135-36, 174; and paddy brokers, 137; and landlords, 137-38; and Dawson's Bank, 138-39, 187; and rivalry between Chettiar and indigenous lenders, 175-76; reduction in volume of, 186-87. See also Chettiars Agriculturists: position of, in Konbaung society, 24; responses of, to market economy, 59; classification of, 69-70; social mobility of, 71-72; landlords, 71-72, 141-43, 171-72; cultivatorowners , 74-76,143-47; tenants, 76-80,147-51,166-68,189; landless laborers, 80-82, 151-53, 169-71, 189-90; Burmese landlords, 118-19; Indian landlords, 119, 171-73; Burmese laborers, 120, 122; Indian tenants , 121; Burmese tenants, 121-22; Indian laborers, 122; decrease in social mobility of, 141, 147, 151; IndoBurmese competition for positions as tenants, 166-68; as laborers, 169-71; Chinese landlords, 172; landlord/ tenant friction, 189; unemployment of, 190-91; spending patterns of, 217-20 Agriculturists' Loans Act of 1884, 67, 138,187 Akyab District: migrants to Delta from, 159 Alaungpaya: founder of Konbaung dynasty ,16 Amherst District: as rice-growing area, 9n, 159 Andhra-Burma Steamship Company, 98 Anglo-Burman wars, 4, 8, 29, 30, 34 Arakan District: Konbaung loss of, 4; migrants to Delta from, 44-45, 155; climate of, 45; factors impeding migration from, 47; agricultural innovations in, 158; population of, 158 Asiatic Steam Navigation Company, 97 Ayuthia: defeat of, by Burmans, 3 Bassein District: Karen population of, 19; 253 254 Index Indian laborers in, 122; Burmese landlords in, 172 Bassein town: as processing center, 4; as major port, 9, 20; Burman migrants to, 52; growth of, 58; working classes in, 121 Bengal-Burma Steam Navigation Company ,98 British-India Steam Navigation Company, 97,197 Burma, government of: economic policies of, in Delta, 30, 221-22; efforts of, to expand Delta economy, 34-35, 20911 ; public works of, 35-36; local administration of, 36-37; promotion of agricultural credit by, 67--68; efforts of, to introduce agricultural innovations, 130-32 Burmans: defined, 3n; migration of, into Delta, 7, 17-18, 52-53, 56; "oppression " of Mons by, 15; cropping techniques of, 50; mobility of, 50 Burmese: defined, 3n; nationalist movement , 5, 174, 192-93, 195-96; responses of, to market economy, 28, 36,41,74-76, 21{}--13, 217; moneylenders , 11{}--12, 114-15; commercial activities of, 111; roles of, in industrial agriculture, 134; anti-Indian sentiment of, 193-95; geographical mobility of, 213-14. See also Agriculturists Chettiars: growth of Delta operations of, 66-67,112-14; effect of, on Burmese moneylenders, 66--67,164-65,17576 ; caste origins of, 113-14; home life of, 115; organization of, 116-17; as landlords, 119, 121, 172-73; volume of lending operations of, 136-37, 173-74; as scapegoats for communal tension, 174-75, 194; bankruptcy of firms of, 186-87; analysis of role of, in agrarian crisis, 222-23 Chinese: invade Konbaung empire, 3; in Konbaung times, 20; migration of, to Delta, 83-84; middlemen, 117-18; landlords, 172; lenders, 187; as targets of communal violence, 204 Chins: location of, 3; factors impeding migration of, to Delta, 47 Dalhousie, Governor-General, 30, 35 Delta: British efforts to develop, 4; position of, in Konbaung empire, 4; population of, 4,17, 2{}--21 , 25, 51-54, 162-65; annexed to Indian Empire, 4, 30; defined, 4n; districts included in, 8; geography of, 8-9; regional diversity of, 11; as frontier area, 16-17, 28, 50,56,128-29,211,220; condition of, in Konbaung times, 17-20; economic potential of, for British, 28-29; transportation in, 35; obstacles for migrant agriculturists in, 60-62 Depression: effect of, on Delta economy, 7, 118, 127, 185-86; impact of, on agricultural technology, 190 Distribution of Lands and Paddy Rents Controls Bill of 1937, 208 Dry Zone: heartland of Burmans, 3; population of, 4; traditional position of preeminence of, 4; defined, 4n; as source of migrants to Delta, 44-46, 155-59; climate of, 45; cropping techniques in, 45; agricultural innovations in, 155-58 East India Company: diplomatic relations of, with Konbaung monarchs, 29-30; military...

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