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289 B U S Oral informants constitute the most important source for this study. They are identified fully in the appendix. The rich documentary sources for the period of German administration have disappeared from Rwanda and from Burundi. They supposedly were transported to Brussels by the Belgians at the end of their administration, but the Archives of the Colonial Ministry, now a part of the Archives of Foreign Affairs, has no record of having received them. Hence the archives had not yet been fully classified at the time of the research for this project. The absence of classification and insistence upon observing a fifty-year lapse before permitting consultation of documents meant that very few of the documents from the Belgian period of administration had been available for consultation in Brussels at the time of this research. At the time, fragmentary and completely disorganized collections of documents from the Belgian period remained in Rwanda at the prefectural offices in Gisenyi, Ruhengeri, Kigali, Cyangugu, and Butare, and in Burundi at the Ministry of Justice in Bujumbura. Materials consulted at these various locations are identified only by the place name since there were no systems of classification to which one could refer. A certain number of the most useful of these sources had been microfilmed and were available for consultation at the Sterling Memorial Library, Yale University, under the title Rwandan Archival Materials. An extremely valuable collection of Belgian documents was assembled by J. M. Derscheid in the early 1930s. Through the great kindness of Professor René Lemarchand of the University of Florida, I was able to make extensive use of a microfilmed copy of this collection. The logs kept by the White Fathers at their various missions, referred to in the text as “diaries,” constitute the single most informative written source for the period of Musinga’s reign. Nearly as important are the letters exchanged among the Fathers and between the Fathers and the colonial administrators. The diaries are located at the Archives de la Société des Missionnaires d’Afrique in Rome, as are the annual reports of the order and the correspondence of Mgr. Léon-Paul Classe. Other diaries and correspondence had been collected at the Archbishopric of Kigali, where the letters were classified as either “Correspondence Officielle” or “Correspondence Religieuse.” 289 P S Anonymous. Historique et chronologie du Rwanda. N.p.: n.d. Asch, Susan. L’église du prophète Kimbangu de ses origines à son rôle actuel au Zaïre, 1921–1981. Paris: Karthala, 1983. Berger, I. Religion and Resistance: East African Kingdoms in the Precolonial Period. Tervuren: Musée Royal de l’Afrique Centrale, 1981. Bessell, M. J. “Nyabingi.” Uganda Journal 6 (1928), 73–86. Bourgeois, R. Banyarwanda et Barundi. 4 vols. Brussels: Institut Royal Colonial Belge, 1955–58. . Témoignages. Vol. 1. Tervuren: Musée Royal de l’Afrique Centrale, 1982. Brazier, F. S. “The Nyabingi Cult: Religion and Political Scale in Kigezi, 1900–1930.” Paper presented at Makerere Institute for Social Research, University of East Africa Social Science Conference, January 1968. Cayen, A. “Dans l’Est africain conquis, le Ruanda et l’Urundi.” L’Evènement illustré, January 1920, 1–32. Chrétien, J.-P. The Great Lakes of Africa: Two Thousand Years of History. New York: Zone Books, 2000. . “The Slave Trade in Burundi and Rwanda at the Beginning of German Colonization , 1890–1906.” In Slavery in the Great Lakes Region of East Africa, edited by H. Médard and S. Doyle, 210–30. Oxford: James Currey, 2008. Classe, Léon-Paul. “Pour moderniser le Ruanda. Le problème des Batutsi.” L’Essor colonial et maritime 9, no. 489, pp. 1–2; no. 490, p. 7; no. 491, p. 11 (1930). . “Le Ruanda et ses habitants.” Congo 1, no. 5 (March 1922), 677–93. . “Un triste sire. Il Faut débarrasser le Ruanda de Musinga.” L’Essor colonial et maritime, nos. 494 and 495 (21 and 25 December 1930). Codere, Helen. “Power in Rwanda.” Anthropologica n.s. 4, no. 1 (1962), 45–85. Coupez, A., and T. Kamanzi. Littérature de cour au Rwanda. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1970. . Récits historiques rwanda dans la version C. Gakaniisha. Tervuren: Musée Royal de l’Afrique Centrale, 1962. Czekanowski, J. Forschungen im Nil-Kongo-Zwischengebiet. Vol. 1, Ethnographie. Leipzig, 1917. de Briey, Comte R. “Musinga.” Congo 2, no. 1 (November 1920), 1–13. de Heusch, Luc. “Mythe et société féodale: Le culte du kubandwa dans le Rwanda traditionnel.” Archives de Sociologie des...

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