Spain: A Unique History

Index

Index 285 “aceifas,” 57, 63 Afghanistan, 35 Afonso V (of Portugal), 103 Africa: as alleged influence on Spain, 81, 83; Christians in, 51, 164n11; Communism in, 35; Italian imperialism in, 156–57, 193; Portuguese imperialism in, 113–15, 117, 118, 122, 126, 155, 156, 227; resistance to Muslim conquest in, 49–50; slaves from, 60, 63; Spanish imperialism in, 68, 70, 78, 99–100, 102, 103, 108, 217, 218, 223, 225. See also specific places in agriculture: in eighth-century Europe, 83–84; in Portugal, 116; in Spain, 25, 130, 139, 148–49, 152, 154, 172 Aguilar, Paloma, 251, 253, 283n24 Aguirre, José Antonio de, 21–22, 32 air force (Spanish), 183, 232, 237, 238, 280n5 Al-Andalus, 54–71; Asturias’s struggle against, 52–53, 74; culture in, 61–62, 96; Muslim domination of, 51, 74; ninth-century internal conflict in, 52, 55–56; orientalizing of, 58–59; as utopia of cultural and ethnic harmony , 54–55, 70 Alba, Victor, 20 Alcalá Zamora, Niceto, 164, 167–68, 172, 174, 219 Alcazarquivir battle (Morocco), 115, 117 Aldecoa, Carmen, 20 Alexander (of Yugoslavia), 208 Alfonso el Batallador, 268n4 Alfonso el Casto, 45 Alfonso I Henriques, 112–13 Alfonso II, 95 Alfonso III, 74, 78, 95 Alfonso VI, 95, 112 Alfonso VII, 95, 100, 112, 113 Alfonso X el Sabio, 96, 99–102, 106, 108 Alfonso XI, 102 Alfonso XIII, 125, 160, 170 Alfred the Great, 84 Algeria, 68, 193, 265n24 Algiers, 68 Alía Miranda, Francisco, 251 Al-Qaeda, 70 Álvarez Junco, José, 141 America: decline in silver bullion to Spain from, 129–30; end of Spanish empire in, 142, 153, 155–57; number of Spaniards in, during colonial period, 110; Portuguese exploration and settlement of, 114, 117, 118; revolts against Spanish in, 138; Spanish administration of, 91, 137–38; Spanish conquest of, 4, 11–12, 83, 87, 103, 109–10; Spanish influence on, 12; Spanish trade with, 135, 153, 155–56; writings about Spain in early, 6. See also Latin America; United States American Revolution, 11, 137–38, 142, 155 Amsterdam (Netherlands), 30 anarchosyndicalists. See CNT (Confederación Nacional del Trabajo); FAI (Federación Anarquista Ibérica) Anatolia, 265n2 “Andalusian” popular culture, 139–41 Angola, 117, 122 Ansó, Mariano, 178 anticlericalism. See clergy: Portuguese opposition to; clergy: Spanish opposition to Antilles, 155–56 Antonescu, Ion, 200, 249 Anuario de la Historia del Derecho Español, 46 Arabic language, 59, 60, 66, 265n22 Arabs. See Muslims Aragon, 64; Bourbon dynasty’s effects on, 135; Carlism in, 146; elites in, 98; as an empire, 101, 102, 108; as a kingdom, 112, 113; law of, 135; medieval commerce of, 4; neoGothicism in, 97; papal support for, 86, 113; royal government in, 99, 103, 107, 113; and Spanish Civil War, 222; wars of, 10, 64, 101. See also Catalonia Aranda, Antonio, 24, 238 Araquistain, Luis, 200 “arbitrista” literature, 133 archaeology, 50, 252, 254–55 architecture: Asturian Pre-Romanesque in, 52; European influence on Spanish, 85–86; Islamic influence on Spanish, 64–65, 67; Visigothic, 96. See also art Areilza, José María de, 17 Argentina, 188, 248 Argos Vergara (publisher), 31 Argullós, Alejandro, 31 aristocracy. See elites Aristotle, 61 ARMH (Asociación para la Recuperación de la Memoria Histórica), 252, 254–55 army (Spanish): and Falangist insurrection, 206; political role of, 229–42; pretorianism of, 151, 230, 233–34, 236, 242; in twenty-first century, 229. See also military (Spanish); and specific military leaders and wars Arrese, José Luis de, 211–12, 214 arrogance, 5, 6, 98, 134, 136. See also stereotypes art: Islamic, 61; Spanish, 16, 138–39; wartime looting of Spanish, 142. See also architecture Asociación para la Recuperación de la Memoria Histórica (ARMH), 252, 254–55 “Asturian Pre-Romanesque” architecture, 52 Asturias: kingdom of, 44–45, 50, 51–53, 71, 74, 84, 85, 95, 97; Republican seizure of, 171; as Spanish nation’s origin, 104; unification of, with León and Castile, 100, 108; as Visigothic duchy, 50, 51 Auger, Sebastián, 33, 262n19 Austria, 146, 194, 195, 201, 206, 208, 249 Austro-Hungarian empire, 103 autarchy, 237 Averroes, 61, 264n14 Avicenna, 60–61 “ayacuchos,” 231 Azaña, Manuel, 17; government of, 173, 174–75, 178–79, 181, 182, 185, 205, 219, 231, 234–35; and Izquierda Republicana, 165, 166, 168; and myth of the Republic, 250; opposition of, to Salazar, 125 Aznar, José María, 241, 251 backwardness, 118. See also civil society (in Spain); modernization...