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Notes
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Notes Approaching the Panama Canal: An Introduction 1. New York Times, Dec. 15, 1999, A1 and A14. 2. Amy Kaplan, “‘Left Alone with America’: The Absence of Empire in the Study of American Culture,” in Cultures of United States Imperialism, ed. Amy Kaplan and Donald E. Pease (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1993), 11. 3. Robert W. Rydell, All the World’s a Fair: Visions of Empire at American International Expositions, 1890–1945 (New York: Hill and Wang, 1984). 4. Bill Brown, “Science Fiction, the World’s Fair, and the Prosthetics of Empire, 1910–1915,” in Kaplan and Pease, Cultures of United States Imperialism, 129–163. Brown focuses on the Panama-Pacific International Exposition in San Francisco held to celebrate the opening of the Canal. For a further discussion, see chap. 5. 5. This book is a revised version of the author’s dissertation; see Alexander Missal, “‘In Perfect Operation’: American Social Visions and the Building of the Panama Canal, 1900–1915” (Ph.D. diss., University of Cologne, 2006). For an earlier outline, see Missal, “‘In Perfect Operation’: Social Vision and the Building of the Panama Canal,” in Dreams of Paradise, Visions of Apocalypse: Utopia and Dystopia in American Culture, ed. Jaap Verheul (Amsterdam: VU University Press, 2004), 69–77. 6. George Frost Kennan, American Diplomacy, 1900–1950 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951). 7. William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (1959; New York: W. W. Norton, 1991). Williams revised his study twice, incorporating the lessons of the Cuba Crisis and the Vietnam War. On his influence, see Bradford Perkins, “The Tragedy of American Diplomacy Twenty-Five Years After,” Reviews in American History 12 (March 1984): 1–18, and Lloyd C. Gardner, ed., Redefining the Past: Essays in Diplomatic History in Honor of William Appleman Williams (Corvallis: Oregon State University Press, 1986). 203 8. Walter LaFeber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansion, 1860–1898 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1963). His expanded and updated study, The Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations, vol. 2: The American Search for Opportunity, 1865–1913 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1993), may be considered the canonized version of The New Empire. 9. Gilbert M. Joseph, “Toward a New Cultural History of U.S.–Latin American Relations,” in Close Encounters of Empire: Writing the Cultural History of U.S.–Latin American Relations, ed. Gilbert M. Joseph et al. (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1998), 4. 10. An example of this trend is David Healy, Drive to Hegemony: The United States in the Caribbean, 1898–1917 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1988). See also Thomas J. McCormick, “Drift or Mastery? A Corporatist Synthesis for American Diplomatic History,” Reviews in American History 10 (Dec. 1982): 318–330. 11. See Gerstle Mack, The Land Divided: A History of the Panama Canal and Other Isthmian Canal Projects (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1944), and Miles P. DuVal Jr., And the Mountains Will Move: The Story of the Building of the Panama Canal (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1947). Mack was known as a biographer of artists, DuVal was a navy officer. Other works include David Howarth, Panama: Four Hundred Years of Dreams and Cruelty (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1966), and Donald Gordon Payne [Ian Cameron], The Impossible Dream: The Building of the Panama Canal (New York: William Morrow, 1972). The publication of David McCullough’s The Path between the Seas: The Creation of the Panama Canal, 1870– 1914 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1977) was timed perfectly in the midst of the “great debate” on the Canal, but the author notes that he had embarked on his research prior to the controversy (13). 12. Walter LaFeber, The Panama Canal: The Crisis in Historical Perspective (1978; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989). The second edition was published on the occasion of the seventy-fifth anniversary of the Canal’s opening. 13. Matthew Parker, Panama Fever: The Battle to Build the Canal (London: Hutchinson, 2007). 14. John Major, Prize Possession: The United States and the Panama Canal, 1903– 1979 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1993), like Parker’s the work of a British historian, deserves the first mentioning. Other general analyses include Michael L. Conniff, Panama and the United States: The Forced Alliance (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1992), and Almon R. Wright, Panama: Tension’s Child, 1502–1989 (New York: Vantage Press, 1990). 15. Neither the return of the Canal Zone in 1999/2000 nor the centennial of Panamanian “independence” in 2003 prompted a surge in the...