Cataclysms: A History of the Twentieth Century from Europe’s Edge

Index

Abdülhamid II, Sultan, 156 absolutist state, 16 Acheson, Dean, 213, 223, 233 Adenauer, Konrad, 246 Adriatic, 64 Aegean, 20, 158, 213–14, 221; islands, 157; Macedonia, 219–20 Afghanistan, 7 Africa, 9, 31–32, 37, 51, 53, 101, 204– 5, 214, 236, 241, 244; German colonies, 37 Albania, 218–19 Aleppo, 160 Alexander, king of Yugoslavia, 131 Alexander III, czar of Russia, 86 Algeria, 71, 204, 239; revolt (1954), 236 Alsace, 244, 247 American utopia, 14 Anatolia, 72, 154–57, 159, 161–63, 216; expulsion of the Greeks, 157 Anglo-American notion of institutional self-government, 44 Anglo-Persian Oil Company, 207 Anglo-Saxon: political forms, 40; political theory of selfdetermination , 43–44 antagonism of values, 4 anti-Bolshevism, 4, 11, 34, 37–38, 49–50, 56–58, 95, 101, 173–74, 194;liberal-democratic,38,50. See also Bolshevism and antiBolshevism ; German Reich (Nazi Germany); Hitler, Adolf anticolonialstruggle,204;andCommunist nationalism, 230 Anti-Comintern Pact, 207 anti-Communism, 205, 232, 235 anti-Fascism, 11, 51–52, 56, 96–97, 194–95 anti-Hitler coalition, 47, 49–50, 103, 210 anti-Semitism, 78, 165, 174, 179– 82.Seealso EastCentralEurope; German Reich (Nazi Germany) Ardahan (Turkey), 212–13 area of the “northern tier,” 210–11 aristocratic: culture, 17; norms, 27; values and virtues, 33 Armenia, 159 Asia, 45, 62, 205, 225, 227, 230–31, 233, 236–38, 241 Asia Minor, 72, 153–54, 156–57, 162, 214–16, 218 assimilation, 45, 204 Atatürk, Kemal (Mustafa Kemal Pasha), 63, 154, 156, 206–7 303 Index Athens (Greece), 213–14 Atlantic Charter (1941), 45–46, 202, 231 Atlantic constitutional forms, 40. See also maritime: political cultures/ traditions atomic bomb, 39–40, 247 Attlee, Clement, 45, 202–3 Auschwitz (Oswiecim, Poland), German concentration camp, 48, 166, 175 Austria (Hapsburg Empire, AustriaHungary ), 17–18, 20–21, 23, 65, 76, 101, 158, 162–63, 247; army, 87 Austria (republic), 51, 53, 63, 65– 67, 78, 87, 168–69; Anschluß (1938), 53,169;NationalSocialistputsch (1934), 51 autocracy, 41, 43 Axis powers, 12, 46, 208, 211, 214 Aydin (Turkey), 154, 157 Azerbaijani Soviet Republic of Gilan (Iran), 206. See also Iranian Azerbaijan Babel, Isaak, 91 Baku (Azerbaijan), 102, 159, 212; oil fields and refineries, 100 balance of power, 7, 15, 18–20, 22, 41, 52, 55, 89, 94, 200, 209, 211, 213, 247 Baldwin, Stanley, 54, 113, 115, 122 Balkans, 7, 19, 21–23, 68, 99, 101–2, 131, 155, 163, 199–200, 207, 214, 218–19, 226; ethnic cleansing, 155; Second War (1913), 45, 49, 155, 221, 242; wars (1912–13), 22, 154–57, 162–63, 215 Baltic, 33–38, 64, 66, 99, 101, 158, 177, 209, 211; civil war, 35–36; Germans, 36–37; German Landeswehr,34–35;German Legion, 34; Jews, 158; Soviet republics, 187; states, 46, 100 Baltic Sea, 62 Bandung (Indonesia), 241 Bao Dai, emperor of Vietnam, 235 barrière de l’est, 67, 76 battlefields, 27–29, 31–33, 49, 57, 60,87,205,223;of Langemark, Ypres, Verdun, Isonzo, 31 battles, 16; in the American civil war(1861–65),17;ontheBaltic frontier, 35, 37; of Dien Bien Phu (1954), 232, 236–37, 239; of Gallipoli (1915), 6, 207; of the Little Bighorn (1876), 30; of Omdurman (1898), 31; of Sedan (1870), 206; of Stalingrad (1943), 103, 196, 208, 210; of the Somme (1916), 27–28, 31; at Wissembourg (1870), 30 Batumi (Georgia), 102, 212 Bauer, Otto, 65, 75 Bavaria (Germany), 59 Belgium, 95, 131, 246 Belgrade (Yugoslavia), 103; military convention (1919), 74 Belzec (Poland), German death camp, 175–77 Benelux countries, 246–47 Berlin, 8, 10, 20, 23, 37, 56, 59, 66, 80, 82, 93–95, 100, 179, 207, 230; blockade (1948–49), 230; Congress of (1878), 15–16, 20, 23, 161; crises, 10; treaty with Russia (1926), 82, 94–95 Berlin-Rome Axis, 51 Bessarabia, 67, 72–73, 100–101 Bevin, Ernest, 117 Bidault, Georges, 239 304 Index • biologism, 48, 57 Bischoff, Major, 34 Bismarck, Otto von, 244 Bitola. See Monastir Black Sea, 7, 55, 62, 67, 70, 85, 99,102,177,205–6,209;coast, Greek colonies, 70 Bled, Treaty of (Yugoslavia, 1947), 219 Blum, Léon, 54 Bohemia (Czechoslovakia), protectorate of, 170 Bolshevik internationalism, 57, 164 Bolshevism and anti-Bolshevism, 4, 49, 56–57, 194. See also Russia (Czarist Empire); Russia, Bolshevik /Soviet Union Bonn (Germany), 108 borders, 8, 18, 22, 64–65, 77, 79– 80, 85–86, 92, 94, 166, 185, 194, 212...