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Index
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Index Abbott Laboratories, 221 Action Group on Erosion, Technology and Concentration (ETC Group), 8, 154 Adherence rate, 192 AgBioWorld, 136–37, 143 Agriculture, antibiotics in, 52–53. See also Antibiotics in animal agriculture AGRO Consulting and Trading, 157 Albright, Fuller, 203, 222 Allen, Edgar, 220 Allen-Doisy test, 220 Alliance for the Prudent Use of Antibiotics, 57–58, 93 American Academy of Microbiology, 41 American Civil Liberties Union, 305 American Council on Science and Health (ACSH), 230 American Drug Manufacturers Association, 221 American Medical Association, 226 American Society for Microbiology, 26 Animal Health Institute, 45, 56, 85 Animal husbandry and antibiotic use, 6–7, 31–32 (caption), 52–54, 67–79 Anthrax scare, 16–17 Antibiotic resistance, 4–8, 67; and animal husbandry, 7; in commensal bacteria, 57; drop in levels, 31; genes, 24, 27, 68–79, 85; and global travel, 26–27; in human pathogens, 7, 53, 84; limited evidence of, 6; mutations, 54; regulatory responses, 6, 24, 26; reservoirs, 30, 41, 95, 97; resistance to regulations, 24; spread of, 27–31, 85, 88–92 335 Antibiotic-resistant bacteria, 24; and gene flow, 6, 94; in environment, 64, 68–79; in post-surgical infections, 57; infections caused by, 83; intestinal, 54, 94; oral, 54 Antibiotics, 4; in biosphere, 23; in human medicine, 52, 55, 86; in runoff, 59; lowdose , 54–55; medical overuse, 24, 31, 43; medical use, 5–6, 58, 67; regulation in developing countries, 27; residues in food, 54, 65; resistance to alternatives, 42; search for new, 33; use on fruit trees, 25 (caption), 65 Antibiotics in animal agriculture: alternatives to, 31–33, 48; economic benefits of, 39; effect on resistance, 70–79; as growth promoters , 6, 23, 52, 55–56, 72–79, 83, 85, 96; human health effects of, 39, 79, 84–95; Lancet forum, 45; nontherapeutic uses, 73, 83–93, 95; overuse of, 4–8, 56, 67; prophylactic use, 54–55; range of arguments about, 39–43; role of industry in debates about, 41–42, 45, 65; therapeutic uses, 73, 83, 95 Antibodies, 32–33 Antimicrobial peptides, 33 Argument from authority, 39 Asia, resistance to GM crops in, 157 Association of American Physicians and Surgeons, 305 AstraZeneca, 142 Atomic Energy Commission, 46 Aventis, 145, 155 Avoparcin, 30, 87 Ayerst. See Wyeth-Ayerst Bacteria, threat to human health, 5 Bacterial infections, and antibiotic-resistant bacteria, 61, 97–98; in cancer patients, 61; from meat, 61, 67; postsurgical, 61 Bacteriophages, 33 Bacteroides, and gene transfer, 62–63 Bans, on nonhuman uses of antibiotics, 59– 60, 65, 68, 77, 87, 93, 96–97 Barnes, Allan, 205, 208 Barrett-Connor, Elizabeth, 229 Baytril, in poultry, 53–54 Bellevue Hospital, 317, 318 Bernecker, Edward M., 318 Beta-lactamases, 27 Biodiversity: conservation of, 176 (See also Genetic diversity); effect of GM maize on, 116, 151, 164 Biodiversity loss, 171, 176 Biological diversity: centers of, 110, 113; onfarm conservation of, 113 Biological Weapons Convention, 16 Biology, interdependence with culture, 15 Biotechnology industry, influence on research of, 111, 141, 143–45 Bioterrorism, 16; and smallpox, 17, 273, 281 Bivings Group, 136 Boyer, Herbert, 8 Breast cancer, 185 Brown-Sequard, Charles-Edouard, 200 Bt crops, 112–13, 122 Burson-Marsteller, 227 Bush administration, 3; and bioterrorism prevention, 15 Butenandt, Adolph, 220 Caldicott, Helen, 43 Campylobacter, 24, 27, 60, 85, 87–89 Canadian Wheat Board, 153, 155, 159 Canola, 113, 155, 163; genetic contamination of, 155–57, 163–64 Cardiovascular disease, 259 Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, 142 Cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter, 139 Causality, 7 Ceftriaxone, 28 Center for Law and Social Policy, 226 Center for Law and the Public’s Health, 17 Center for Science in the Public Interest, Project on Antibiotic Resistance, 7 Center for Studies on Rural Change in Mexico (CECCAM), 154 Center for Veterinary Medicine, 56, 58 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). See U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Centers of domestication, 9–10, 119 Changing Years, The, 223 Chapela, Ignacio, 10, 135–47; tenure review process of, 146n3 Chen, K. K., 221 Chlortetracycline, 27 Clinical research: cross-sectional studies in, 255; observational studies in, 255, 259–60; prospective studies in, 255; retrospective studies in, 255 Clinical trials, 182 Clofibrate, 193 Cohen, Stanley, 8 Cold War, 15, 16, 48 Collingnon, Peter, 43 Collip, James Bertram, 220 Colorectal cancer, 188 Commensal bacteria, 41, 89, antibiotic resistance in, 57, 70, 88; infection by, 61 Commission on Environmental Cooperation, 116 Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, 46 Conflict of interest, 10, 137, 142 Congress...