The Eternal Paddy: Irish Identity and the British Press, 1798–1882

Notes

Notes INTRODUCTION 1. Times, 12 Apr. 1799. 2. Times, 7 Oct. 1846. 3- Daily Telegraph, 19 Dec. 1867. 4. Sheffield Independent, 16 May 1882. 5. While recognizing the potential difficulties, I have opted for the term "British" over "English" in this text, as explained later in this introduction. 6. The seminal studies are 1. P. Curtis Jr., Anglo-Saxons and Celts:A Study of Anti-Irish Prejudice in Victorian England (Bridgeport, Conn., 1968), and his Apes andAngels: The Irishman in Victorian Caricature, rev. ed. (Washington, 1997). See also Richard Ned Lebow, White Britain andBlack Ireland: The Influence ofStereotypes on Colonial Policy (philadelphia, 1976); and M. A. G. 6 Thathaigh, "The Irish in Nineteenth-Century Britain: Problems of Integration," in The Irish in the Victorian City, ed. Roger Swift and Sheridan Gilley (London, 1985), 13-36. 7. For example, see Sheridan Gilley, "English Attitudes to the Irish Minority in England, 1789-1900," in Immigrants andMinorities in British Society, ed. Colin Holmes (London, 1978), 81-110; Roy Foster, "Paddy and Mr. Punch," in his Paddy and Mr. Punch: Connections in Irish and English History (London, 1993), 171-94; and D. G. Paz, "Anti-Catholicism, Anti-Irish Stereotyping, and Anti-Celtic Racism in Mid-Victorian Working-Class Periodicals," Albion 18:4 (1986): 601-16. 8. John Gillingham, "Images of Ireland, 1170-1600: The Origins of English Imperialism," History Today 3T2 (1987): 16-22. 9. See Edward D. Snyder, "The Wild Irish: A Study of Some English Satires Against the Irish, Scots, and Welsh," Modern Philology IT12 (1920): 147-77. 10. See David Hayton, "From Barbarian to Burlesque: English Images of the Irish, c. 1660-1750," Irish Economic and Social History 15 (1998): 5-31, for an excellent account of how the "Wild Irishman" was transformed into the blundering stage Irishman of Restoration and eighteenth-century drama. 11. Curtis, Apes andAngels, 21. 279 280 Notes to Pages 6-11 12. See Curtis, Apes and Angels, 110; Nancy Stepan, The Idea ofRace in Science : Great Britain, 1800-1960 (Hamden, Conn., 1982), xvii. 13. See H. L. Malchow, "Frankenstein's Monster and Images of Race in Nineteenth -Century Britain," Past and Present, 139 (1993): 90-130. 14. See Rana Kabbani, Europe's Myths of Orient (Bloomington, Ind., 1986), 1-10. 15. Edward Said, Orientalism (New York, 1979), 41. See also his Culture and Imperialism (New York, 1994). 16. See Stepan, The Idea ofRace in Science, 30. 17. See, for example, Henry Mayhew's discussion of the difference in skull shapes between nomadic and civilized tribes in the opening pages ofhis London Labourand the London Poor (1851; reprint, New York, 1967), 1-3. 18. Douglas Lorimer, Colour, Class, and the Victorians: English Attitudes to the Negro in the Mid-Nineteenth Century (Leicester, 1978), 137. 19. Stepan, The Idea ofRace in Science, 46. 20. Douglas Lorimer, "Race, Science and Culture: Historical Continuities and Discontinuities, 1850-1914:' in The Victorians and Race, ed. ShearerWest (Hants, U.K., 1996), 12-33, 15-16. 21. Robert Knox, The Races ofMen: A Fragment (1850; reprint Miami, 1969), 7. 22. Ibid., 54. 23. Ibid., 217· 24. Lorimer, Colour, Class, and the Victorians, 138. 25. George W. Stocking Jr., Victorian Anthropology (NewYork, 1987), 237. 26. SeeJohn S. HallerJr., Outcastsfrom Evolution: ScientificAttitudes ofRacial Inferiority, 1859-1900 (Urbana, 1971), esp. 95-99. 27. Douglas Lorimer, "Nature, Racism, and Late Victorian Science," Canadian Journal ofHistory 25:3 (1990): 369-85, 374-76. 28. See Anthony S. Wahl, "'Ben Juju': Representations of Disraeli's Jewishness in the Victorian Political Cartoon," Jewish History 10:2 (1996): 89-134; Walter L. Arnstein, Protestant versus Catholic in Mid-Victorian England (Columbia, Mo. and London, 1982); David Newsome, The Victorian World Picture: Perceptions and Introspections in an Age ofChange (New Brunswick, N.J., 1997); and G. F. A. Best, "Popular Protestantism in Victorian Britain," in Ideas and Institutions ofVictorian Britain: Essays in Honour ofGeorge Kitson Clark, ed. Robert Robson (New York, 1967), 115-42. 29. See Curtis, Apes andAngels, 19-21. 30. Thomas Babington Macaulay, The History ofEngland (1848), rev. ed., ed. Hugh Trevor Roper (London, 1968), 145. 31. Ibid., 243. 32. Anonymous, What Science Is Saying about Ireland, rev. ed. (1862; Kingston-upon-Hull, 1882), 15. Quoted in Richard Ned Lebow, "British Historians and Irish History;" Eire-Ireland 8:4 (1973): 3-38, 38. 33· Ibid, 37· 34. Quoted in Curtis, AnglO-Saxons and celts, 84. AnlOng other things, Kings- Notes to Pages 11-15 ley was a leading...