Intermediate Technical Japanese, Volume 1: Readings and Grammatical Patterns

Lesson 1: Mathematics I (numbers and sets)

Lesson 1: Mathematics I (numbers and sets) jj!J learning, scholarship ~-a(~~) to learn, to study Ic~ fnBJ1I!~ ~ jj'Y combine; ::Jt) fit, suit ~('5) to fit, to suit {vi}; ~(bit ~) to join together {vt} mathematics logic .'@J ~.::z. t):It) set, collection j;I'@J ~t~ It\ instance, case IT/' limit, restriction iJ'l ~(~ ) to limit, to restrict .~lH~'@J ~~R.'@J b.IT/'~.::z.t):It) :::Lt)IT/'~.::z.t):It) ~:r hostage, pawn; ~'Y matter, substance -Iii{ 1!1' ~'Y :/'Y substance, truth Jj. fruit; Jj.(J)( ~) to bear fruit ~. :/'/7/ ~Ic :/'/7-.t) infinite set finite set property, characteristic quality experiment, trial real number ~ ~.::z. t)~ollection, gathering ~* ~)to assemble, to meet {vi}; ~-:J (~ ~) to collect, to gather {vt} ~.'@J !J t) ~ .::z. t) :Jt) empty set .Bi ~ .::z. r) ~+ / group, collection ~ 3 r) disposition, nature; 1!1' attribute, gender, nature :t(AE'Ii Y/,T1'1!1' *-Ii 1-- !J1!1' -7stability characteristic ~ 'A; 'J simple, uncovered; element, principle ~kT 'J~ 1 and PltL. [-e-1 'J~] 9"Q These verbs exemplify a situation in which two different verbs can be made using the same two kanji. As might be expected, the verb that carries the ON readings and 9"~ is more formal in tone, -9- while the verb that is expressed with the KUN readings tends to be more colloquial. Both of these verbs can be applied to four general situations. The fIrst meaning is associated with organization; it can be translated variously as tc:t -C depending upon •••, due to •••, by means of •.• l: J:. t) depending upon •••, due to •••, by means of ••• (Note: The phrase ... ~: J:.Q modifies a noun that appears later in the sentence; the phrases ... ~: J:. -:::> -C and ... ~: J:. t) modify a verb that appears later in the sentence.) 1. rr~JO)fO A +B ~ij'ifij1!fi1~fPJ t;~O)~..g.~:t':~t A +B =(aile + bik) ~:J:. -:::> -C)E~~ tl.Q. 2. ;:tl6 ~£~O)R~c G-C7Jttl."Q;: c~:J: t), E2 0)~}~0)~.i1~)E~."Q. 3. 4x 6tlt~m..g. C ~:~tG, C ~M:~c G~1c t ~~lI..~lcc'9 ."Q~It~, CO) t ~:J:. ."Qf!IJ~Ic~~ C v) '5 ;: ci1~'&J."Q. 1.6) .•• ~:.t3 ~t."Q in •.., for •••, regarding ••. ... J:.avl-C in ..., for .••, regarding •.• (Note: The phrase ... ~:.t3 ~t."Q modifies a noun; the phrase ... ~:.t3 v)-C modifies a verb. The expression ~:.t3 v)-C ~i in written Japanese is essentially equivalent in meaning to the double particle "'C'~i, but carries a more formal tone.) 2. m-@JA, B ~:.t3v)-C, A ~:~'9.Q)di'9~-C B ~:~G, B ~:~'9."Q)di'9~-C A~: ~'9."Q c~~:, A =B c'9."Q. -10- 1.7) J.Jt [tJ!>.Q] t-l.i The expression ~.Q I,- \ ~i occurs between two nouns (or noun phrases) and indicates that the two nouns (or noun phrases) may be treated as alternatives. No emphasis or preference is placed on either alternative. This expression is almost always translated as "or." 1. a ;¢t.~ A 0)7C-r:~.Q;:: c~, a ;¢tA ~:-a-*tl.Q, ~.Q 1,-\~iA;¢t a ~-a-U ('~-a-"9.Q) cl,-\'5. 3. t2~fnliJI~~i, ~~O)~ G~.Q)t!lf~:;!tim~:ml,-\ Gtl.QfnliJIa9tJ:~fnIi~if~"9.Q~ ~Cl!>.Q 1,-~~ifnliJI~O) 1 $r~-r:Cl!>.Q. 1.8) T~",( and T~"'(O) The word "9""-"'( can be used as a noun, meaning "all," "everything" or "the whole." Thus, when "9""-"'( is followed by 0) and then by a noun, the expression "9""-"'(0) can be reliably thought to mean "all (00," "every" or ''the entire," as this expression modifies the noun that follows "9""-"'(0). However, the word "9""-"'C can also be used as an adverb, meaning "entirely," "wholly" or "completely." Thus, when the word "9""-"'C appears by itself, the reader is cautioned to ascertain from the context whether "9"""'C is intended to function as a noun or as an adverb. 1. "9""-"'C0) x ~:M G"'C$~ F(x) ;¢tPX;lL"9.Q. 2. aik = 0 (i ~ k) -r:~ .QlE:1ifT~J-r:, "9"""'C0) aii ;¢t~ GI,- \ :t0) ~ A tJ '7-fT~J c I,- \ '5 . 3. "9""-"'C0) px;)t;¢t 0 -r:~.Q J:: '5 tJ:~T~J ~~fT~J c 1,-\ '5. 1.9) t~t!. and t~t!. G The word t~ti. can...