Fascism in Spain, 1923–1977

lndex

ABC (monarchist newspaper): Anson article in, 464-65; and elections, 94, 182-83; on fascism, 78-79; Franco interview in, 271, 273; Jose Antonio's views in, 130, 131, 159; on violence, 108-9 Acciio Escolar Vanguarda (AEV), I76, 177 Acci6 Catalana, 21, 22,43 Acci6n Ciudadana, I9 Accion Espanola, 18,46,47,110,131, 13 2,133,409 Acci6n Nacional, 44, 75 Acci6n Nobiliaria, 42 Acci6n Politica, 452 Acci6n Popular, 44, 270 ACNP. See Asociaci6n Cat6lica Nacional de Propagandistas Action Fran<;aise, 18, 21,47, II7 Africa: in World War II, 334, 33 6, 337, 339, 384. See also Algeria; Morocco Agencia EFE, 460 agriculture: and"definitive program" for Falange, 128-29; and FET, 295, 301, 352; Jose Antonio's views about, 152, 179, 213, 301; and Movimiento in postfascist era, 405; in Portugal, 178; and syndicalism, 301,405. See also Ministry of Agriculture Aguado, Emiliano, 103, 139 air force, Spanish, 206, 328, 342 Aizpuriia, Manuel, 142 Alava: Falange in, 258 Alba, duque de, 392 Alba, Santiago, 211-12, 232 Albifiana, Jose Maria, 42, 43, 77-78, 94, 96,106,130,261 Alcala Galiano, Alvaro, 107, 108 Alcala Zamora, Niceto, 178-79, 194 Index Alcala (SEU journal), 414, 4 I 5 Alerta (SEU journal), 414 Alfaro, Jose Maria, 141, 174, 314, 389 Al{erez (Catholic journal), 414 alfonsino monarchism, 48,132-33,164, 183,201, 29 I, 3°6-7, 3 IO, 325 Alfonso Carlos (pretender), 48 Alfonso de Borb6n-Dampierre, 452 Alfonso XIII (king of Spain): abdication of, 371; and Dictatorship (Primo de Rivera), 24,25,27-28,33,35,37,41; Primo de Rivera family's loyalty to, 74; and restoration of monarchy, 355 Algeria, 33 2, 339 Alianza Sindicalista, 404 Alicante: air attacks on, 227; demonstration on anniversary of Jose Antonio's death at, 456. See also Alicante prison Alicante prison: Allen's interview of Jose Antonio in, 225-26, 230; anarchists as administrators of, 216; death of Jose Antonio at, 232, 235-36; and exchange of prisoners, 216, 220, 236, 264; executions at, 211, 232, 235-36; Jose Antonio as prisoner in, 198-208, 209-10, 214-35; Primo de Rivera family members in, 209-10, 212, 214, 231; rescue of Jose Antonio from, 209-10, 214-2J, 228,236,242-43,249-50; special treatment for prisoners in, 198-99, 210-Il; and trial of Jose Antonio, 140-41,215, 225, 226-30 Allen, Jay, 225-26, 230 Allies. See France; Great Britain; United States Altamira, Rafael, 12 Altozano Moraleda, Hermenegildo, 440 565 566 Alvarez de Sotomayor, Nicasio, 60, 135, 368 Alvargonzalez, Emilio, 82 Amadeo, D., 262 anarchists, 60, 61, 86, 102, 177, 183,216, 224, 248 Andalusia: and authoritarian nationalism, 21; Falange in, 256, 258; HispanoBerbers of, 221; and military revolt of 1936,206; Primo de Rivera family roots in, 70; and problem of Spanish nationalism , 10 Ansaldo, Juan Antonio: and aviation, 83; and Calvo Sotelo, 130; expulsion of, II 8, T 22, 13 6; and Guerrillas de Espana , 1}0; and JONS, 87-88; and Jose Antonio, I I 6, I I 8, 140, 209; as monarchist , 83; and Ruiz de Aida, 122; and violence , 109, I I I, 114. See also Falange de la Sangre Anson, Luis Maria, 464 anteproyectos (Arrese), 422-25, 429, 433, 434,446,447 Anti-Comintern Pact, 326, 372 anti-Semitism, 54, 62, 63,96,253,364, 378,3 89,395 Antonescu, Ion, 354,476,477 Antunia, Graciano, 220 Aosta, duke of, 262 Aparicio, Juan, 58 Aparicio Bernal, Jesus, 440 appeal of "contrafuero," 435, 446 appointments. See cabinet; specific person or position Aragon: Falange in, 242, 245; historical development of, 3; and problem of Spanish nationalism, 3, 4, 5 Arana Goiri, Sabino de, 15 Aranda, Antonio, 305, 327, 339, 346, 354-5 6,371,394 Araquistain, Luis, 123-24,469-70,472 Areilza, Jose Maria de, 60-61, 77, 86, 12 5,314,339 Arellano, Luis, 276, 277 Argentina, 221, 232, 343, 407 Arias Navarro, Carlos, 459, 460, 461, 462-63,466 Arias Salgado, Gabriel, 369, 378, 385, 410,420,427,432 Arias Salgado, Rafael, 461 Index Arija: violence in, 169 aristocracy: Jose Antonio's views about, 222. See also elites Army of Africa, 206, 240 army officers: as alfonsino monarchists, 164; British payment of, 346; as Carlists, 164; and defascistization, 375; and early years of World War 11,330; and Falange internal conflict, 134-35; and Falange plans for armed revolt, 170, 171-72; and FET, 311, 330, 371, 375; and Jose Antonio , 82, 134, 170; and military revolt of 1936,207; and Portugese syndicalism, 176 Arredondo, Luis, 107, 109, 118, 164, 170 Arrese, Jose Luis de: achievements of, 402, 406; anteproyectos of, 421-25, 429, 433,434,446,447; arrest of, 275; and cabinet of I957, 426; as camisa vieja, 437; and Catholicism, 373; and civil guarantees, 402; criticisms of, 377,425; and defascistization, 366-67, 369, 3737 ~ 378, 380, 382, 389, 390, 39~ 393, 395,396,397; and disciplining FET, 366-67,369,373-76,378,380,382; dismissal/resignation of, 402, 429; and FET between 1939-1941, 359, 360-62; as FET secretary general, 359, 360-62, 368-70, 4IO, 41 I; and foreign relations, 382,395,397; Franco's relationship with, 367, 379, 380,429; German visit of, 382, 384, 385-87; as housing minister , 427, 429; and Junta Politica, 390; and last phase of Movimiento, 448; as martyr-figure, 429; and monarchism, 374; and Movimiento in post-fascist era, 402, 428; as Movimiento secretary general , 420, 421; and new parliament, 389; and political redefinitions, 395; report about Falangist influence in regime by, 424; return to cabinet of, 420; and second metamorphosis of Franco regime , 426, 428; Serrano compared with, 373; and Serrano conspiracies, 375, 376, 380; Solis Ruiz's views about, 438; and syndicalism/labor, 368, 407; and totalitarianism , 438; and World War II, 384, 396 Arriba (Falangist daily, Madrid 19391979 ): and collapse of Italian Fascism, Index 394; decline of, 44 I; and early years of World War II, 330, 339; and FET between 1939-1941, 327, 33 0, 339, 35354 ,358,359; and foreign policy, 394; and last phase of Movimiento, 441, 450; and monarchy in future, 413; and Movimiento in post-fascist era, 413; on NaziSoviet Pact, 330; termination of, 467 Arriba (Falangist weekly): and elections of 1936,180; first publication of, 167; government closing of, 167; Jose Antonio's writings in, 185-86,228; last issue of, 187; and National Front proposal, 180; and Right, 168, 186 Arriba Espana (Pamplona), 253,254, 261, 280 jArriba Espana! (Perez de Cabo book), 167-68 Arrow Cross, 176 artists, 141-42,470 Asamblea Internacional de Excombatientes ,439-40 Asensio, Carlos, 38[, 382, 384, 385, 386, 394 Asociaci6n Cat6lica Nacional de Propagandistas (ACNP), 28, 369,402,451 Asociaci6n de Estudiantes Cat6licos, 70, 102 Asociaci6n de Estudiantes Tradicionalistas (AET), 287 Asociaci6n Oficial de Estudiantes, 70 asociaciones politicas. See associations; specific association Asociaciones Profesionales de Estudiantes, 441 Assault Guards: and Aznar, 218; and Barcelona riot, 65; F. E. de las JONS as, lOl; and Jose Antonio, 188, 209, 210, 218, 475; and military revolt of 1936, 206; organization of, 312; and repression during Civil War, 247, 248; and special elections of 1936, 194; and violence, I I I, 113, 204 associations, 434, 444-5 6, 457-5 8, 459, 461-62,463-64,465 Associazione Nazionalista Italiana, 17 Asturias: historical development of, 3; insurrections in, 124, 126, 134, 239; syndicalism in, 352, 407 Asua, Luis Jimenez de, 187, 189 Aun6s, Eduardo, 30, 32, 33-34, 38,172, 298, 30 4 authoritarian nationalism: and Barcelona, 20-23; and fascism, 472, 473; and FET between 1939-1941, 326; and Franco, 242, }II, 477; in Italy, 16-17;]OSe Antonio 's views about, 473; and legacy of Primo de Rivera dictatorship, 37-41; and monarchism, 46-48; origins of Spanish , 16-50; in Portugal, 21, 45, 48-50; and Primo de Rivera dictatorship (19231930 ),23-37; and Right (1930-1933), 41 -46 authoritarianism: bureaucratic, 430; Carrero 's views about, 366, 377; and economy , 408; and FET, 285-86,478; Franco 's views about, 240, 271, 388, 477; Jose Antonio's views about, 146-47, 149,150,152; and last phase of Movimiento , 462; and Movimiento in postfascist era, 408, 409, 430; and second metamorphosis of Franco regime, 430; and weakness of Spanish fascism, 470. See also authoritarian nationalism auxiliary services, 256-57, 402. See also Technical Services; specific service Auxilio de Invierno. See Auxilio Social Auxilio Social, 257, 290, 303 aviation: and fascism, 83 Axis. See Germany; Italy Azana, Manuel: and authoritarian nationalism , 44, 45; and Catholicism, 44; criticisms of, 45; early career of, 56; and fascism of intellectuals, 54; and Jose Antonio in prison, 211; Jose Antonio's views about, 171, 185-86, 187, '99, 215; Mussolini's views about, 54; replacement of, 191; and Second Republic, 44, 45; and special elections of 1936, 194; violence during government of, 187-88,189-90; and weakness of Spanish fascism, 476 Azlor de Arag6n, Pilar, 80-81, 171 Aznalcollar: violence in, 169 Aznar, Agustin: arrest and prosecution of, 305-6; and Falange funding, 219; and Falange internal politics, 249-50, 267; and Falange-Carlist fusion, 267; and FET, 273, 306; and Jose Antonio in prison, 216, 218-19, 242-43, 249-50; Aznar, Agustin (continued) as Junta de Mando member, 208; as militia leader, 164, 207-8, 244; as national inspector of militia, 276; style of, 264; and violence, 107 Azor (culture review), 166 Azpiazu, Joaquin, 285-86 Badajoz: Falange in, 164; violence in, 105, 169 Badoglio, Marshal, 393, 394 Balbo, !talo, 160 Balillas (Falangist children's organization), 257 Balmes, Jaime, 18 Barba Hernandez, Bartolome, 170, 172, 210 Barcelona: and authoritarian nationalism, 19,20-23; captain general of, 358; Carlists in, 20; class struggle in, 19; Dencas's organization in, 127; Falange in, 373; and fascism of intellectuals, 52; Italian Fascism in, 127; JONS in, 86; labor and social programs in, 405; as Ledesma base, 136; nationalism in, 15; Primo de Rivera family in, 71; and Socialist insurrection , I26; syndicalism in, 3F, 407-8; Treintistas in, 166, 167 Barcelona, conde de. See Juan (monarchy heir) Barrera, Emilio, 16o Basque Country: artistic elite of, 141; assassination of Carrero Blanco in, 458; and authoritarian nationalism, 20, 21, 33, 45; Carlists in, 288, 378, 379; Falange in, 164,288,372; and military revolt of 1936,207; nationalism of, 145, IF, 207; and problem of Spanish nationalism , 3,4,5,6,15 Bayle, Constantino, 285 Begoiia crisis, 379-80 Beigbeder y Atienza, Juan, 279, 312, 329, 33 1,334 Benavente, Jacinto, 160-61 Beneyto Perez, Juan, 316-17 Benjumea Burin, Joaquin, 350, 359 Berbers, 221-22 Bermudez Caiiete, Antonio, 59 Bernhardt, Johannes, 356 Bilbao, Esteban, 298, 347,402 Index Bilbao: artistic elite in, 141; and authoritarian nationalism, 21; Carlists in, 378, 379-80; executions in, 227; JONS in, 86; and monarchism, 47; nationalism in, 81-82; as source of funds, 47,86,87; violence in, 379-80 Black Arrows, 245 Black Legend, 10, 157 Bloque Nacional, 130, 131, 133, 135 Blue Arrows, 245 Blue Division, 340-41, 372, 374, 375, 380,3 81, 38~385, 394,40~445 Blue Legion, 394 blue shirts (Falange symbol), 269, 373, 414,452 Blue Shirts (Portugese syndicalists), 175-78 Blue Squadron, 342 Blum, Leon, 220, 232 Bolivia: Falange in, 309, 343 Bolshevism, 202, 384, 393, 396 Borb6n, Juan de, 220-21 Bordighera: Mussolini-Franco meeting at, 337 Bottai, Giuseppe, 32 Bourbon dynasty, 5, 14,417. See also specific person bourgeoisie, IF, 189,293,470 Bravo Martinez, Francisco, 101, 142, 179 Bravo Murillo, Francisco, 18 Brown Shirts, 266 Buckley, Henry, 142, 157 bureaucratic authoritarianism, 430 Burgos: Arrese speech in, 393; captain general of, 376; Carlists in, 265; Falange in, 164,201,244,254, 256; FET student rally in, 287; Franco's speech in, 294; and military revolt of 1936, 207; proposed Falange meeting in, 90; violence in, 378 Cabalzar, Guido, 160 Cabanas Erauskin, 141 Cabanillas, Pio, 452, 459, 460, 461, 464 cabinet: of 1938, 290, 291; of 1939, 311-14; of 1942, 380-82;ofI944,402; of 1945, 402; of 1951, 409-10; of 1956, 420; of 1957,425,426,427; of 1962, 431-32; of 1965, 434; of 1969, 451-F; of 1973,457; of 1974,459; of 1975, 463; and criticisms of FET, 358-61; and Index defascistization, 380-82, 394; and German troops in Spanish territory, 384; and last phase of Movimiento, 4F-32, 434; and Movimiento in post-fascist era, 402, 409-IO, 420, 425, 426, 427; rivalries in, 432-33. See also specific person or position Ciiceres: Falange in, I64 Cadalso, Jose, 5 Cadenas, Vicente, 252-53, 279-80 Ciidiz: elections in, 93-94, I8I, I83; Falange in, 254; and military revolt of I93 6,206 Calderon, E. Yllan, 8 Calvo Sotelo, Jose: and alternatives to republicanism , I32-33; arrest and execution of, I33, I88, 204, 205, 239; as Cortes member, II7; criticisms of, 376; and Dictatorship, F, 33-34; and elections, 94, I94; and fascism, I32; and Franco regime , I32; ideology of, I3 I-33; and Italian Fascism, II7; Jose Antonio's views about, II?, 200; and militarism, IF32 , I33; as monarchist leader, II7, IF32 , I97; as Right leader, II7, I29-30, I3 I-32, 200; satire about, 95; title of nobility for, 405 Calvo Sotelo, Leopoldo, 452 Cambo, Francesc, I5, 3I camisas nuevas, 309, 338-39 camisas viejas (old shirts): and Aznar matter , 306; and Carlists, 287; criticisms of Franco regime by, 347-49, 353-54, 35859 ,436,442-44; decline of, 437-38; and defascistization, 363; and early years of World War II, 338-39; and FET between I939-I94I, 308, FO, F3, 3I4, 3I6, 338-39, 360; and FET during Civil War, 275-77, 279, 28I, 282, 283, 284, 309; and Franco's cabinet appointments , 29I; Franco's relationship with, 28I, 282, 305, 359; and last phase of Movimiento, 436, 437-38, 442-44; and Movimiento in post-fascist era, 4I7, 42I, 424; and National Council (FET), F4; and Nazism, 290, FO; pardons for, 293; resignations of, 354, 359; and syndicalism , 275, 305, 350; and weakness of Spanish fascism, 477. See also specific person CAMPSA (state petroleum monopoly), 32 Canary Islands, 206, 239, 26I, 27I, 333, 340 Canovas del Castillo, Antonio, 8, 9 Cantalupo, Roberto, 260, 262, 264, 265, 289 Cantarero del Castillo, Manuel, 452 capitalism: and defascistization, 388, 39I; and Falange doctrine, I27-28, 255, 256; and FET, 295, 326; and Franco regime, 293,430; Franco's views about, 388, 405; Jose Antonio's views about, I49, ISI, I79-80, I82, 2I3, 225; and Movimiento in post-fascist era, 405, 430; and Portugese syndicalism, I 75 "Cara al Sol" ("Face to the Sun"), I80, 269 Caraiias, Ramon, 250 Carbonell, Josep, 2I Carcel Modelo. See Modelo prison Carceller, Demetrio, 82, I72, 3I4, 359, 384,402 Carlists: achievements of, 306; and authoritarian nationalism, I6, I8, I9, 20, 23, 46,47-48; and British relations, 325; and Catholicism, 26I, 288, 325; and CEDA, 260, 26I; characteristics of, 48; and corporatism, 30, 288; and defascistization , 363,375,37~377,378, 37980 , 38I, 392; and disciplining FET, 375, 376,377,378,379-80, 38I; and elections of I936, I8I, I83; and Falange plans for armed revolt, I72; Falange unification with, 259-72; and fascism, I34; and FET between I939-I94I, 3IO-II, 3I2, 3I4, 320, 324-26, 347; and FET during Civil War, 276, 277, 278, 282, 283,286-88, 304, 306; and Franco regime , I33-34, I58, 252, 29I, 429; Franco 's relationship with, 265, 270, 286, 287,288,325; Franco's study of speeches of, 263; and Franco's unification of all militia, 244, 245; Goicoechea 's agreement with, I60; internal conflicts among, 264-65, 267; Jose Antonio 's views about, I58, 20I, 2I3, 260, 474; Juan announces adherence to principles of, 436; in Junta Politica, 304; and last phase of Movimiento, 436, 439, 446; and liberalism, 48; and MES, 86; 570 Carlists (continued) military officers as, 164; and military revolt of 1936, 2.02., 2.03, 2.05; and monarchism , 46, 47-48,160; and Movimiento in post-fascist era, 42.9; and National Council (FET), 2.83, 314; and problem of Spanish nationalism, 7-8, 9,14-15; and proposed FET constitution, 347; and religion, 306; and repression during Civil War, 2.48; revival of, 133; and Second Republic, 47-48; slogan of, 2.9; and social policy, 2.95, 2.97, 300; and syndicalism , 2.88; and violence, 187, 2.04, 378; and women's organizations, 301; and youth organizations, 32.0 Carlos (king of Portugal), 17 Carlos V, 2.89 Carls, Rolf, 2.19, 2.2.0 Carranza, Ramon, 94 Carrasco, Arcadio, 2.64 Carrero Blanco, Luis: assassination of, 45 8; and associations, 452.-53, 455, 456,457-58; and cabinet rivalries, 432., 433; and defascistization, 377-78, 380; and disciplining FET, 377-78, 380; and fascism, 365; and Fernandez Miranda, 452.; and FET restructuring, 370; and foreign policy, 365; on Fraga, 434; Franco 's relationship with, 363, 364, 379, 380; and fundamental laws for redefinition of Movimiento, 42.2., 42.3; goals of, 457-58; and last phase of Movimiento, 432.,433,434-35,445,452.-53,455, 456,457-58,459; length of public service of, 402.; and Movimiento in postfascist era, 42.0, 42.2., 42.3, 42.5-2.6; power and influence of, 364-65,42.6; as president of government, 457; on principles and structure of state, 365-66; professional background of, 363-64; and second metamorphosis of Franco regime, 42.6; and Serrano, 364, 380; style of, 364; successor to, 458-59; and syndicalism , 445; as undersecretary of presidency , 358; writings of, 364, 365-66 Carretero, Jose Maria, 92. Carro Martinez, Antonio, 459, 460, 461 Carta del Lavoro (Labor Charter), 2.97, 2.9 8 Index "Carta a un militar espanol" (Jose Antonio letter), 134, 170, 197 Casares Quiroga, Santiago, 191, 199,2.13 Casas de la Vega, Rafael, 2.45 Casaus, Manuel Andres, 12.2. Castano Cardona, Jose del, 343 Castiella, Fernando Maria de, 339,402., 432., 433,45I Castile: and authoritarian nationalism, 2.8; Falange in, 2.08; and fascism of intellectuals , 62.; historical development of, 3, 141; and problem of Spanish nationalism , 3,4,5,7,8, 10, 12., 14; and Spanish archetypes, 10 Castillo, Jose del, 2.04 Catalonia: and authoritarian nationalism, 2.0,2.1,2.2.,2.4,2.5,2.8,43,51; Carlists in, 32.5; Falange in, 97,164; and fascism of intellectuals, 52., 53, 60, 61, 65; and FET between 1939-1941, 32.5; Franco's speeches in, 372., 388; historical development of, 3; Italian Fascism in, I2.6-2.7; Jose Antonio's views about, 154; nationalism in, 3, 152.; and problem of Spanish nationalism, 3, 4, 5, 6, 15; violence in, 65 Catholic Action, 62., 369,437 Catholicism: and authoritarian nationalism , 18, 19, 2.8-30, 31, 33,44-45,4647 ,48; and Carlists, 2.61, 2.88, 32.5; and censorship, 369; and culture, 319; and defascistization, 369,384,388,389, 396, 398; and "definitive program" for Falange, 130; and disciplining FET, 366, 369; and early Falange, 92.-93; and early years of World War II, 32.7-2.8; and elections of 1936,183-84; and Falange in 1935,168; and fascism of intellectuals, 53, 54,61,62.-63; and FET between 1939-1941,311,318,319,32.0,32.5, 32.6, 32.7-2.8; and FET during Civil War, 2.53,2.77,2.80,2.81,2.85-86,2.94,2.9596 ,2.98,304,3°9,478; and Franco regime , 132.,4°1,4°2,426,429,43°; Franco's views about, 240, 32.6, 32.7, 388,477; and fundamental laws for redefinition of Movimiento, 42.2, 423-24, 425; and Germany, 327; and Italian Fascism , 30, 89; and Italy, 327; Jose Anto- Index nio's views about, 89,9°, 130-3 I, 146, 221-22,223-24,225,234,235; and last phase of Movimiento, 446; and monarchism , 42, 43, 46-47; and Movimiento in post-fascist era, 401, 409, 413,414,415,422,423-24,425,429, 430; and Nazism, 326, 327; as part of Falange propaganda, 253; political, 3II, 312; and political redefinitions, 389; in Portugal, 18, 175, 176, 178; and problem of Spanish nationalism, 4, 9, 14; revival of, 9; and social policy, 295-96, 298; in Spanish history, 221-22; and syndicalism , 120,318,4°5; and weakness of Spanish fascism, 470-71, 472, 473; and women, 44; and Women's Section, 309,477; and World War II, 384; and youth organizations, 102, 320. See also specific person or organization Caudillo: and authoritarian nationalism, 16; Beneyto Perez's theory of, 316-17; as component of totalitarianism, 366; FET views about, 278, 346. See also Franco, Francisco CAUR (Comitati d'Azione per la Universalita di Roma), 160-61, 162, 177 Cavestany, Rafael, 410 Cazanas, Ramon, 220, 250 CEDA (Confederacion Espanola de Derechas Autonomas): aim of, 45; and armed revolt against Azana, 189; and Carlists, 260, 261; and Catholicism, 178; and early Falange, 94, !0O; and elections, 94,178,179,181,183,185, 194,195,475; and Falange in 1935, 168; Falange views about, 254; and Falange -Carlist fusion, 98; and fascism, 45-46,54,89,123-24,134,470;formation of, 44; Franco's views about, 477; and JONS, 98; Jose Antonio's views about, 89; and outlawing of Falange, 189; power and influence of, 123; precursors of, 75; radicalization of, 274; and Socialist insurrection, 124-25; and violence , II3, 194. See also Juventudes de Accion Popular; specific person, especially Gil Robles, Jose Maria Celesia, Geissler, 97 censorship: and Bishop Pildain's attack on 571 syndicalism, 416; and Catholicism, 369; and defascistization, 378-79, 395; and Falange-Carlist fusion, 260; and FET, 280,320,323,35°,358,359,360-61, 369,378-79; and foreign relations, 378-79; and Franco regime, 255-56, 292, 293; and Movimiento, 401, 402, 416,432,434; in Second Republic, 78, 95 Central Nacional-Sindicalista, 300-301 Central Syndical Council of Coordination, 299 Centro Academico da Democracia Cristii, 18 "centurias of labor" (elite workers), 351 Cervantes, Miguel y, 4, 5 CESO (Spanish Confederation of Worker Syndicates), 300 Chamber of Fasces and Corporations (Italy ), 389 Chapaprieta, Joaquin, 232 Chibiris (Young Socialists), II I children: in Falange, 257, 259, 323,417, 418. See also youth; specific organization Chile: Falange in, 343 Churchill, Winston, 384 Ciano, Count Galeazzo, 3II, 314, 327, 33 1-3 2,339,34°,373,376 Cierva, Ricardo de la, 462 Cine Madrid: Jose Antonio's speech at, 151,179-80 Circulo Mercantil (Madrid): Jose Antonio's speech at, 151 Circulo Nosotros (Circle Ourselves), 403-4 Circulos Doctrinales Jose Antonio, 443, 444,45 6 Cisneros, Gabriel, 461 Cisneros (Catholic journal), 414 civil guarantees and rights, 195,401-2, 420,471 Civil Guards, 173, 189, 206, 247, 248, 269,279,4°4 Civil War: and Allen's interview of Jose Antonio , 225; anniversaries of end of, 351, 375,402,429; Calvo Sotelo murder as precipitation of, 204; as crusade, 319; Dictatorship as first step toward, 38; exe- 572 Civil War (continued) cutions during, 2II, 226-27, 246-47, 249,256; first phase of, 215-16; Franco 's total victory in, 310; Franco's views about, 239-40; German role in, 337; and imprisonment of Falange members, 191; and Jose Antonio's mediation offer, 212-14,220; Jose Antonio's views about, 198, 2II, 235; last victory parade of, 402; military in, 39; repression of Falange during, 245-49; weariness with, 294. See also specific person or organization CNT (National Confederation of Labor): and authoritarian nationalism, 19, 20, 33; and camisas viejas, 403, 404, 408; dissolution of, 33; and execution of Jose Antonio, 231; FAI takeover of, 104; Falange similarity to, 166; and fascism of intellectuals, 60, 61; and Jose Antonio in prison, 221; Jose Antonio's views about, 151-52; and Popular Front justice system , 226; power and influence of, 121; Sindicatos Libres' battle with, 61, 120; and violence, 20, 6I, 104. See also specific person Code of Military Justice, 227-29, 231 La Codorniz (journal), 412 Cohen, Hermann, 55 Coimbra University, 18,49 Cold War, 405 colonialism, 152-54, 168-69,240,33031 ,336 comedia. See Teatro de la Comedia Comisaria Regia del Turismo (Royal Council of Tourism), 58 Comitati d'Azione per la Universalita di Roma. See CAUR Communist/Catholic Worker Commissions , 444 communists: call for death of Jose Antonio by, 190; and early years of World War II, 340; and fascism of intellectuals, 53, 54; and FET between 1939-1941,326,340; Hitler's views about, 373; Jose Antonio's views about, 182; Ledesma's views about, 138; and Movimiento, 421, 444; and repression during Civil War, 248; and students, 419; and violence, 102, Index 104,122,169,187,190; and weakness of Spanish fascism, 473 Comuni6n Tradicionalista, 47, 262, 263, 269, 278 CONCA (Catholic small farmer syndicate), 352 Condes, Fernando, 204 Condor Legion, 327 Confederaci6 Llatino-Occidental, 21 Confederaci6n Espanola de Sindicatos Obreros (CESO), 261, 300 Confederaci6n Nacional de Estudiantes Cat6licos , 402 Confederation of Autonomous Rightist Groups. See CEDA Confederation of Nationalist Syndicalist Employers (CENS), 300 Confederation of National-Syndicalist Workers. See CONS Conferencia Nacional de Catalunya, 21 Congo, 135 Congress of European Youth, 389 La Conquista del Estado (Ledesma publication ), 58-60, 62, 63, 75, 92 CONS (Confederaci6n de Obreros Nacional-Sindicalistas), 120-22, 135, 136,163,172,187,256,259,300 Consejo Nacional. See entries for National Council conservatism: and authoritarian nationalism , 19, 20, 44; and elections, 94, 182-83; Jose Antonio's views about, 213,474; and Movimiento in postfascist era, 405, 4I 3; and syndicalism, 351; and weakness of Spanish fascism, 474; and World War 11,384. See also monarchism/monarchists constitution: FET's proposed, 346-47; Fraga 's proposed, 434; of 1929, 34-35, 37; in Portugal, 49; of Second Republic, 45 C6rdoba: and military revolt of 1936, 206 corporatism: and authoritarian nationalism , 30-31, 34, 35, 39,45,49,50; and Carlists, 30, 288; and "definitive program " for Falange, 127-28; and Dictatorship (Primo de Rivera), 30-3 I, 34, 35,39,45; and FET, 285, 295, 296, 299-300, 3II, 478; and Franco, 260, 401,430; Jose Antonio's views about, Index 13o,15 1,15 6,224,234,474;andmonarchism , 132; and Movimiento, 401, 4°5,43°; in Portugal, 45, 49,5°; and social policy, 295, 296; and syndicalism/ workers, 6I, 405 Cortes: and armed revolt against Azana government, 199; Calvo Sotelo's proposal about, 132; and defascistization, 379, 389-9 1; and disciplining FET, 379; and elections of 1936, 193; elections to, 449; FET proposal for new, 346-47; Franco's speech about Principles of Movimiento to, 429; and fundamental laws for redefinition of Movimiento, 422; and impeachment of Jose Antonio, II6-17; Jose Antonio as member of, 107, II5, 116-17,123,127,154,159,168-69, 180-83,475; Jose Antonio's views about, 214; and last phase of Movimiento , 435, 446, 447, 454, 458, 461 , 467; membership of, 435; and Movimiento in post-fascist era, 409, 418, 422,429; new, 379, 389-91; and Organic Law (1966), 435; privileges of members of, II3, II7; and prosecution of Dictatorship officials, 75; and recognition of Juan Carlos, 467; reorganization of, 435. See also specific member Cortes de Cadiz (1812), 6-7 Coselschi, Eugenio, 161 Cossio, Bartolome Manuel de, 75 Costa, Joaquin, I I, T6 Council of Ministers, 297, 349, 365, 438, 441 Council of the Realm, 35,425,435, 45 8-59 Council of Tradition (Carlists), 265 Covadonga: CEDA rallies at, 124 Cruzada Nun' Alvares Pereira, 18, 22,49 Cuba, 9, 343 Cuellar, Juan, III Cuenca: elections of 1936 in, 183, 193-95 Cueva del Orkomp6n (Madrid bar), 180 "cultural crisis" (189°),16 cultural nationalism, 12, 52 culture: and FET, 317-19, 478; Franco's views about, 240; Jose Antonio's views about, 474-75; and Movimiento in postfascist era, 412, 413-14; National Dele573 gate of, 45 I; and weakness of Spanish fascism, 470, 474-75, 479. See also neotraditionalism Davila, Sancho: arrest of, 268; and elections , 181; and Falange internal politics, 250,258,267,268; and Falange-Carlist fusion, 261-62, 267, 268; and founding of Falange, 81; Franco absolves, 27I; and Jose Antonio, 165, 219; and youth organizations, 303 Day of the Fallen Student, T07, 4I 7, 4I 9 Day of the Mother, 389 Daza, Fermin, 199 defascistization: beginning of, 362; and disciplining FET, 366-87; first phase of (1941-1945),363-98; and fundamental laws for redefinition of Movimiento, 422,423; and last phase of Movimiento, 436,452,458; and Movimiento in postfascist era, 422, 423, 425, 428, 429; and political redefinitions, 387-98; and second metamorphosis of Franco regime, 428, 429; and weakness of Spanish fascism , 478 De Gaulle, Charles, 393 Delbos, Yvon, 218, 232 Delegated Council for the Government of the Levant, 212 delegations. See specific delegation or delegate Delgado Barreto, Manuel, 78, 97 democracy: Jose Antonio's views about, 74,78,149; and last phase of Movimiento , 465, 467 Dencas, Josep, 126-27 DGS. See Direcci6n General de Seguridad Dia de la Republica, 169 Dictatorship (Primo de Rivera): and authoritarian nationalism, 47; collapse of, 3637 ,72, 290; and constitution of 1929, 34-35,37; and corporatism, 30-3 1, 34, 35, 39, 45; crisis of, 35-36; and development of authoritarian nationalism, 38-39; and downfall of monarchy, 41; emergence of, 23-25; and el error de Primo de Rivera, 39, 240, 242, 275, 478; failure of, 38,47; and fascism of intellectuals , 51, 53; as first step toward 574 Dictatorship (Primo de Rivera) (continued) Civil War, 38; and Franco, 39, 240, 290, 476; government institutions during, 27-29; Italian Fascism as model for, 22, 23,27-35,39-40,77,88-89; Jose Antonio as defender of, 43, 71-77, 88,116, II7, 236; legacy of, 37-41,47; legitimazation of, 33-34; as political type, 40; and weakness of Spanish fascism, 470, 476. See also specific person or topic Direcci6n General de Seguridad (DGS), I87,I88,I92,376,387,390,39T "disaster literature," I I Discurso a las juventudes de Espana (Address to the Youth of Spain) (Ledesma), 13 8 DNB (German news agency), 253 Dolz de Espejo, Tomas, 276 Dominguez, Juan, 380 Donoso Cortes, Juan, 18 Doriot, Jacques, 397 d'Ors, Eugenio, 53, 258, 318 "Draft Project of Bases for the Associative Juridical Regime of the Movement" (19 69),449-5° Ebro offensive, 294 E<;:a de Queiroz, Antonio, 177 economic council: FET proposal for new, 346 economy: and authoritarian nationalism, 31-33, 35-36; and authoritarianism, 408; and "definitive program" for Falange , 127-28, 151; and Dictatorship, 31-33, 35-36,42; and disciplining FET, 37 I; and early years of World War II, }28-29, 336, 337, 340; and elections of 1936,179-80; and fascism, 58-59,426, 472; and F. E. de las JONS, 99-100, lSI; and FET between 1939-1941, 32829 ,336,337,34°,354,355; and FET during Civil War, 295-301; Franco's views about, 295; of italy, 36; Jose Antonio 's views about, 149, 150-52, 196; and military-FET tensions, 355; and Movimiento, 405, 408, 409, 412, 425, 430, 43 ' , 4]2, 433; phases in change in, 408; and Right-FET relations, 254; and second metamorphosis of Franco regime, 426-30; of Second Republic, 32; and Index technocracy, 425,426-3°. See also syndicalism ; specific person education: and Carlists, 306; and "definitive program" for Falange, 129; and Dictatorship , 45; and fascism, 62, 474-75; and FET, 278, 304, }20, 369; Jose Antonio 's views about, 159,474-75; and Movimiento, 412, 413, 414-16, 435; and problem of Spanish nationalism, 7, 8; of women, 62. See also Popular Education ; students; specific person elections: of 1931, 75; of 1933, 93-94, 467; of 1936,178-84,193--95,196, 239,467,469,475; of 1954,412-13; of 1977,467; and associations, 449; of family representatives to Cortes, 449; in Germany, 195; and students, 4 I 5-16, 419-20; and syndicalism, 416, 427, 428; and violence, 194 Eliseda, marques de la (Francisco Moreno Herrera), 82, 87-88,94,97, IT3, 115, 1]0,13 I, 169 elites, 6, 7, 8, 20, 34, 146-47, 222,475 Elizabeth II (queen of Great Britain), 41 5-16 Elola, Jose Antonio, }23, 389,419,428 employers, 122, 300, 351, 352, 406 Enjuto Ferran, Federico, 227 Enlightenment, 6 La Epoca (Right newspaper), 200 Es asi (The Right Way) (publication), 443 Escamots, 126 Escario, Jose Luis, 276 Escobar, Jose Ignacio. See Marismas, marques de las El Escorial: CEDA rallies at, 124; Jose Antonio 's burial at, 233, 3°8,418-19, 429-30; SEU congress at, 320 El Escorial agreement, 87 Escorial (journal), 318-T9 Escriva de Balaguer, Monsignor, 442 "Espafia: Germanos contra Bereberes" (Jose Antonio), 221-22 espafiolidad: Jose Antonio's views about, 223-24 Esparza, Eladio, 280 Espinosa de los Monteros, General, 376 Estado Novo (Salazar regime), 45,175, 176, 178 Index El Estado nuevo (The New State) (Pradera ), 48, 133-34 El Estado totalitario en el pensamiento de Jose Antonio (The Totalitarian State in the Thought ofJose Antonio) (Arrese), 395 Estella, marques de. See Primo de Rivera, Jose Antonio; Primo de Rivera, Miguel (father) Estelrich, Joan, 43 Estilo (SEU journal), 414 Estraperlo scandal, 179, 371 Ethiopia, 154, 168-69, 177,211 European Writers' Federation, 389 Extremadura: Falange in, 256, 258 Ezquer Cabald6n, Eduardo, 347, 387 FA (Falange Autentica), 347, 373-74, 387 FAI (Iberian Anarchist Federation), 104, 166,218,221,226,23 1,260-61 Fal Conde, Manuel, 48,133,203,244, 260,262,264-65,287,324-25 Falange Aut6noma, 347 Falange de la Sangre (Phalanx of Blood), 109, III, 113,114,118 Falange Espanola (Spanish Phalanx): anniversary of founding of, 456; decline in influence of, 308; dependency of, 476; early leadership of, 88-89; expansion of, 95; and fascism, 93; founding of, 881I4 ; funding for, 94, 98, 476; German reaction to, 96-97; Italian Fascism as model for, 88-89, 96, 234; Italian reaction to, 96-97; JONS compared with, 93; JONS competition with, 98; JONS fusion with, 98-100; leadership of, 475-76; program of, 92-93; as referring to dissidents, 451; slogans of, 296. See also camisas viejas; F. E. de las JONS; FET; Movimiento; specific person, auxiliary organization, or topic Falange Espanola Autentica. See FEA Falange Espanola de las jONS (association ), 464, 465 Falange Espanola de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista. See F. E. de las JONS Falange Espanola Tradicionalista y de las J.O.N.S. See FET; specific person, auxiliary organization, or topic 575 Falange Exterior, 342-44, 376 Falanges Juveniles de Franco, 323,417, 418 Faraudo, Carlos, 189-90 Farinacci, Roberto, 262, 263, 289 El Fascio: Haz Hispano (newspaper), 78, 81,83 fascism: climax of European, 310-62, 478; and conspiracies against Franco, 347; contradictory aspects of, 157-58, 235, 478; death cults of, 308; Franco's views about, 263, 269, 277, 283, 294, 326, 384,388,401,431,476-78; of intellectuals , sr-65; Jose Antonio's views about, 94,129,130,142,143,144-58, 162,224-25,234-35,388,412,47375 , 478; longevity of Spanish, 469; redefinition of, 392-98; and repression during Civil War, 248; "retrodictive theory" about, 470-79; as revolution of modernity , 319; revolutionary, 473, 475; and second metamorphosis of Franco regime, 426; and Second Republic, 104; as spiritual , 224-25; weakness of Spanish, 46979 . See also defascistization; Italian Fascism ; specific person, organization, or topic el fascismo frailuno (friar fascism), 317-[8, 369,471,473,478 Fascist International, 13 7 Faupel, Wilhelm, 250, 260, 265, 288-89 F. E. (Falange newspaper), 95-96, 98,103, 105,106-7,109,110,130-31,167, 253, 321, 395 F. E. de las JONS (Falange Espanola de las Juntas de Ofensiva NacionalSindicalista ): Ansaldo's plan for, I I 8; anthem of, 180; armed revolt of, 170-75, 196-97; arrests and detentions of members of, 188, 191, 203, 204, 255-56, 275; Carlists' fusion with, 259-72; and CEDA, 100; characteristics of, 178; and death of Jose Antonio, 264; decline of, 134; doctrine and program of, 99-100, 123,127-29,134,141,151,159,165, 167-68,179-80, 182,252-56, 259;executions of members of, 246, 249, 256; expansion of, 134,249-59; and fascism, 129,154-55,161,162-63,178,199200 ,253-54,261-62; as "fashionable," E E. de las JONS (continued) 194; first major meeting of, 100-IOl; formation of, 99-100; funding for, 109, 118,135,159,161,167,168,169-70, 181-82,190,191,219-20; funding of, 161-62, 173, 191; German relations with, 207, 216, 259; goals of, 196-97, 207,253; Goicoechea agreement with, II8-19; government closure of offices of, 106, 113, 123, 167, 169, 186-87; image of, 178; internal politics in, 134, 249,256,258,264,266-67; Italian relations with, 160, 161-62, 173, 191, 259, 262-63; Jose Antonio named Jefe Nacional of, 125; and Jose Antonio's death, 257; and Jose Antonio's ideology, 144-58; Jose Antonio's status in, 12223 ,136,140,179,208; Jose Antonio's views about, 100, 134-35; leadership of, 125-26,165-66,179,208,257-58, 264, 267-68; martyrs of, 108; membership of, 141, 160, 164, 165, 189, 199, 207, 256; in 1935, 163-70; organization and structure of, 99,163,164-65,259; outlawing of, 188-89, 192; and recreation of JONS, 13 5; reorganization and reconstruction of, 191, 208; repression of, 211, 245-49, 471; slogans and symbols of, 100, 125-26, 166, 186; statutes of, 125, 192; and tentative government list of Jose Antonio, 172; and violence , 102-14, 189-90. See also FET; National Council (F. E. de las JONS); specific, auxiliary organization, or topic FEA (Falange Espanola Autentica), 27980 ,306,347 Federaci6n civico-Somatenista, 23 Federaci6n Nacional Aeronautica, 83 Federaci6n Universitaria Espanola. See FUE federal republicanism, 8 Feij60, Padre, 5 Fernandez Cuesta, Raimundo: as agriculture minister, 29 I, 301, 3°4; ambassadorial appointments of, 345; and Ansaldo's plan, 118; Arrese replaces, 420; and associations , 449; and camisas viejas, 306; and capitalism, 281; and Carlists, 287; and collapse of Italian Fascism, 391; deIndex cline in influence of, 308; as exchange prisoner, 236, 264, 281; as executor for Jose Antonio's estate, 230; and Falange plans for armed revolt, 174; as F. E. de las JONS secretary, 99; and FET, 28182 ,283,312,361; Franco's relations with, 281-82; and JAP-Falange collaboration , 191; Jose Antonio's relationship with, 82, II8, 165; as justice minister, 402,409-10; and last phase of Movimiento , 447, 448, 449, 464; and law for redefinition of Movimiento, 422; and monarchism, 281; and Movimiento in post-fascist era, 409-10, 411, 413, 418, 420,422; as Movimiento secretary general , 409-10, 41 r; and National Council , 283; and outlawing of Falange, 191; and reorganization of Franco's cabinet, 312; as secretary general, 165; and social policy, 297, 299-300; and syndicalism, 281; and youth, 418, 419, 420 Fernandez Fl6rez, Wenceslao, 94, 107 Fernandez Miranda, Torcuato, 451-56, 458,459,461,462,463 Fernando (king of Spain), 4, 46, 80 FET (Falange Espanola Tradicionalista y de las J.O.N.S.): abolition of, 45 I; activities of, 273; apogee of, 362; and camisas viejas, 275-77, 279, 281, 282, 283, 284, 309; ceremonies and rituals of, 281, 308,316,319; during Civil War (19371939 ),273-309; and collapse of Italian Fascism, 393; conflict within, 258, 310, 33°,344-62,376,380; conspiracies against, 356; criticisms of, 279, 353-58, 365-66; de-emphasis of, 401; and defascistization , 363, 365-98; disciplining of, 366-87; and Falange-Carlist fusion, 240-72; and fascism, 269-70, 272, 27677 ,285,289,298,3°9,325-26,331, 477,478; foreign image and influence of, 309; formation of, 269; Franco's role in, 277, 284, 361-62, 367, 390; Franco's views about, 272, 304-5, 311, 359-60, 378,388,391,392,394; functions and goals of, 272, 273, 277, 283-84, 292, 307,393; German views about, 353; growth of, 284; image of, 377; Italian views about, 280, 289, 304; in last year Index of Civil War, 304-9; leadership of, 357; membership of, 269, 273, 278, 284-85, 315-16,345,365,37°,376; as "National Movement," 393,401; under new government of 1938,290-95; between 1939-1941, 308-9, 310-62; organization and structure of, 269, 277-79, 314, 370-71; and political redefinitions, 387-98; political secretariat of, 276; program and propaganda of, 253, 269; proposals for dissolution of, 401; purge in, 370; reorganization of, 304-5; secretary general of, 281-82, 312, 352, 357, 359, 366-67; statutes of, 277-79, 283, 2909I , 310, 3I 4, 3I 5; symbols and slogans of, 269, 276, 286, 287, 316; and totalitarianism , 285-86, 298, 304-5; ultrabaroque language as characteristic of, 2S0; unification of, 366-87; and World War II, 326-42, 390-91. See also Movimiento ; National Council (FET); specific person, auxiliary organization, or topic Fiesta Nacional del Caudillo (1937), 281 Finat, Jose. See Mayalde, conde de "Flechas" (Arrows) (children's organization ), 257, 259 Foix, J. V., 21, 43 foreign relations: and defascistization, 394; Falange influence in, 309; and FET, 278, 329-42; Franco's views about, 332-33, 334,356; and isolation of Spain, 398, 404; and Italian invasion of Ethiopia, 168-69; Jose Antonio's views about, 153,158-63,168-69; and Movimiento, 423,465; of Second Republic, 168-69; Spanish rehabilitation in, 405; and weakness of Spanish fascism, 472-73; and World War II, 329-42, 398. See also specific minister or nation Formica, Mercedes, 207 Forner, Juan Pablo, 5 Fotos (Falange magazine), 253, 391 Foxa, Agustin de, 141, ISO, 258, 280, 284,31 8,339 Fraga Iribarne, Manuel, 420, 432, 434-35, 451,453,464 France: and execution of Jose Antonio, 232; fascism in, 397; Franco's views about, 342; and Jose Antonio in prison, 577 21S; and Spanish archetypes, 10; Spanish imitation of, 6; Spanish relations with, 27, 30; and World War II, 339, 34 2, 397 Francistes of Marcel Bucard, 161 Franco, Francisco: achievements of, 273; adulation of, 233; anniversary of ascension to power of, 281, 431; basic political attitudes and values of, 240, 242, 268-69,388,431,476-77; as chief of state of Nationalist Spain, 239; conspiracies against, 342, 347-49, 356, 371, 374-75,382; death of, 457, 465-66, 479; and Dictatorship (Primo de Rivera), 39,24°,29°,476; and elections of 1936,193-94; and Falange plans for armed revolt, 170, 172, 173, 174-75; and Falange-Carlist fusion, 259-72; family of, 80; goals of, 273, 3°7, 330-3 I; as Jefe Nacional, 269; Jose Antonio compared to, 239-40, 478; and Jose Antonio as hero, 232-33; and Jose Antonio in prison, 216, 218, 219-20, 221,225,226; Jose Antonio as rival to, 307-8; Jose Antonio's influence on, 144, 263; Jose Antonio's letters to, 124-25, 170; Jose Antonio's meetings with, 174-75; Jose Antonio's views about, 201; Juan Carlos as heir to, 451; and military revolt of 1936,193,197,201, 204-5,206; Munoz Grandes as lieutenant to, 431-32; Munoz Grandes as successor to, 433; on national suffering, 329; plans for death of, 422-25; political base of, 259-72; power and authorityof , 242, 290-91, 310, 326, 345, 354, 359,363,478; professional background of, 206, 239; as reactionary, 225, 265; reputation of, 124; resumes powers of Chief of State, 460; and Socialist insurrection , 124-25; style of, 345, 356; Suarez 's last interview with, 465. See also Franco regime; specific person or topic Franco, Joao, 17 Franco, Nicolas (brother), 216, 259-60, 263,264,266,274,292 Franco, Ramon (brother), 83 Franco regime: basic values of, 401, 402, 430,431; Falange dependency on, 476; Franco regime (continued) and Franco as regent, 404; Franco's design for, 401; influence of Jose Antonio's ideology on, 144; legitimization of, 404; second metamorphosis of, 426-30; slogan of, 260; and succession, 404, 413; symbols of, 402; third metamorphosis of, 430. See also Franco, Francisco; specific person or topic freedom: Jose Antonio's views about, 147-48 French Revolution, 6, 7,159-60 Frente de Estudiantes Sindicalistas (FES), 443,457 Frente de Juventudes (Youth Front), 321, 323, 35~ 389,41~415,4I~4I8, 425, 428,45 2 Frente de Trabajo (Labor Front), 305 Frente Espanol (Spanish Front), 85 Frente Nacional de Alianza Libre (FNAL), 444 Frente Nacional de Trabajadores (FNTNational Workers Front), 443 Frente Sindicalista Revolucionario (FSR), 443-44 Friends of the USSR, 86, 95, 161 FUE (Federaci6n Universitaria Espanola), 36,101-2,106,1°7,1°9, 114,415 Fuente, Licinio de la, 462-63 Fuentes de Onoro (Salamanca province): and Falange plans for armed revolt, 171-75 Fuero de los Espanoles, 401-2, 420, 435 Fuero del Trabajo (1938), 297-99, 304, 435 Fuerza Nueva (journal), 452, 457 Fueyo, Jesus, 461 Fundamental Laws, 420-25, 435, 436, 44 8,454 La Gaceta Literaria (journal), 52, 53, 54, 56 Galarza, Valentin, 87, 346, 358, 359, 363, 379,3 80,3 81 Galicia, 52, 53, 86, 164, 176 Galindo Herrero, Santiago, 440 Galo Ponte prosecution, 76-77 Gamero del Castillo, Pedro: and Carrero Blanco, 364; and conspiracies against Index Franco, 349; dismissal of, 359, 368, 390; and Falange-Carlist fusion, 261-62; and FET, 313, 314, 345, 35354 ,356,359,362,367; in Franco's cabinet , 313, 314; and Jose Antonio in prison, 219; and Junta Politica, 345; and National Council (FET), 364; and Serrano , 345; and syndicalism, 352; threatened resignation of, 356 Garceran, Rafael, 172, 198, 216, 250, 259, 267, 268, 271 Garcia Aldave, Jose, 210 Garcia Hernandez, Jose, 452 Garcia Lopez, Ignacio, 466-67 Garcia Lorca, Federico, 248 Garcia, Mariano, 190 Garcia Oliver, Juan, 227, 231 Garcia Rebull, General, 444 Garcia Valdecasas, Alfonso, 83, 85, 86, 88, 9°,93,297,388-89,39° Garcia Venero, Maximiano, 220 Gardemann, Erich, 375, 382, 384, 397 Garriga, Ramon, 344 Garrigues, Joaquin, 297, 304, 306, }I8 Gaziel (conservative editor), 196 General Military Academy (Zaragoza), 39, 174, 239, 274 Generation of 1870 (Portugal), 17 Generation of 1914 (Spain), 12 Generation of 1927 (Spain), 52 Generation of Ninety-Eight (noventayochistas ), 11-12, 14, 17,47,101,413 German Labor Front (DAF), 352, 353 Germany: and Allen's interview of Jose Antonio , 226; attitudes about Franco in, 337; and Catholicism, 327; collapse of, 398; and conspiracies against Franco, 348; and defascistization, 381-82, 384; and disciplining FET, 381-82, 384, 390-91; and early years of World War I~ 329-30, 332-34, 336, 33~ 340-41, 342,352-53; elections in, 195; and Falange -Carlist fusion, 265, 266; and F. E., 96-97; and F. E. de las JONS, 207, 216, 219-20, 259; and FET between 19391941 ,326,327,33°,331, 33 2-34, 33~ 337,340-41,342,352-53; and FET during Civil War, 280, 288-90; and Franco, 240, 260, 266, 284, 288-90, 330, 333, Index 342,385; and Great Britain, 327; influence on Spain of, I58, 22I-22; and intelligence networks in Spain, 352-53, 354-55; and Jose Antonio in prison, 2I6, 2I8-20; Jose Antonio's views about, I59-60, 224; Jose Antonio's visits to, I55, I58-59, 226, 227-28; and military revolt of I936, 206; Pilar Primo de Rivera visit to, 392; possibility of defeat of, 390, 397; Serrano's visits to, 333; and Soviet Union, 37I, 396; Spain withdraws all forces from, 394; Spanish agreements with, 326, 334, 33 6, 33738 ,342; and Spanish monarchism, 35556 ,372,373, 38I, 382; Spanish workers for, 353; and syndicalism, 352-53. See also Nazism; specific person Gibraltar, 339, 4I 5-I6 Gil Pecharroman, Julio, I60, 2II Gil Robles, Jose Maria: and Allen's interview of Jose Antonio, 226; and authoritarian nationalism, 44, 45-46; and Catholicism , I78; and elections of I936, I80, I8I, I94; on Falange and Catholicism , I30, I68; and Falange-Carlist fusion , 270; on fascism, 45-46, 470; and F. E. de las JONS, I68, 254; Franco in administration of, 239; German and Italian reactions to, 97; German visit of, 45; and Germany as prototype for Spain, I58; and Jose Antonio, 7I, 89, II5, I68; as monarchist, 44; and National Front proposal, I80; and republicanism, I 32; Rome visit of, 45; satire about, 95; slogans about, I24; and violence, I68 Gil Tirado, Vidal, 227 Gimenez Arnau, Jose Antonio, 259, 292, 293 Gimenez Caballero, Ernesto: arrest of, p; and Carlists, 306; and CAUR, I60-6I; censorship of, I42; and defascistization, 389; and Dictatorship, p, 53; early career of, 5I-52; and fascism, P-54, 56, 59,96,473,474; and F. E., 92; and F. E. de las JONS, I25, 254; and FEA, 306; and FET, 276, 277, 3I9; ideology of, I 59; impact of, 54; isolation of, 470; Italian influences on, 5I, 52-53, 54, 82,96; Jose Antonio's views about, 474; and 579 Junta de Mando, 277; and military revolt of I936, 205; and political redefinitions , 389; reputation of, 5I, 52; Ruiz de AIda interview of, 83; and theater, 3I9; writings of, P, 52, 53, 54, 78, 92, 94-95 Giron, Jose Antonio: achievements of, 406, 407; and Arias government, 459, 460; and Arrese, 420, 425; arrest and detention of, 256; and associations, 449; and cabinet reorganization, 38 I; and conspiracy against Franco, 347-48; criticisms of, 377, 380,427; and defascistization, 380; and Falange internal politics, 258; and Falange-Carlist fusion, 266; farewell speech of, 427; and FET, 273, 279, 3I3, 359, 36I, 374, 377, 380; Franco's relationship with, 359, 368-69, 406, 407,427; and Jose Antonio's death, 2II, 2I2; as labor minister, 359, 36I, 368-69,402,406-7,409,427; and monarchism , 374; and Movimiento, 402, 406-7,409,420,427,449,456,459, 463,464; on National Congress, 4I2; and press, 44 I; as proposed successor to Cerrero Blanco, 458; as Right leader, 44I, 442; as scapegoat, 427; and second metamorphosis of Franco regime, 427; and social policy, 406-7; and Solis, 428, 44I; and syndicalism, 406-'7; as Vice Secretariat of Social Works, 420; and World War II, 384 Goded, Manuel, I7I-72 Goebbels, Joseph, 336, 353, 385 Goering, Hermann, 327 Goicoechea, Antonio, 47, 87, II8-I9, I30, I5S, I60, ISS, I93, I97,259 Goma, Cardinal, 326 Gomez Carbajo, Ursicino, IS8 Gomez Jordana, Francisco: and Arrese's trip to Germany, 386-87; and collapse of Italian Fascism, 392, 393; death of, 397; and defascistization, 386-87, 390, 392,393,395; and Falange Exterior, 343; and FET, 29I, 292, 293, 3II, 386-87; as foreign minister, 38I, 38687 ,390,395 Gonzalez Bueno, Pedro, 29I, 297, 299, 300,350 Gonzalez de Canales, Patricio, 347, 404 Gonzalez Velez, Fernando, 267, 273, 276, 30 5-6 Gonzalez Vicen, Luis, 258,4°3,419,422, 443,445 Gorria, Romeo, 432 government: Carrero Blanco's views about principles and structure of, 365-66; goals of, 457-58; Jose Antonio's list for cabinet members for, 214; and Movimiento in post-fascist era, 422-25; municipal , 401; president of the, 457, 45859 ,463; and proposed laws for redefinition of Movimiento, 422-25; vice president of, 431-32, 458 Goya, Jose Maria Alonso, 268 Granada: elections in, 183, 193-94; JONS in, 86; and military revoir of 1936, 206; repression during Civil War in, 248 Great Britain: and Carlists, 325; and FET, 325,332,333,340,355,395; Franco's views about, 342; and Italian invasion of Ethiopia, 168-69; and Jose Antonio in prison, 220-21; Jose Antonio's views about, 157, 168-69; and monarchism, 37 I; payment of Spanish generals by, 346; Portugese relations with, 327, 339; and Spanish military, 355; Spanish relations with, 397; and World War II, 327, 33~ 333, 334, 33~ 339, 340,34~ 344, 346, 397 Gredos plan, 171-73, 178 Groizard, Manuel, II 2-1 3 Group of Thirty-Nine, 456 "Gu" (avant-garde painters), 141-42 Guadalajara: battle at, 245 Guadalhorce, conde de, 42 Guardias de Franco, 403, 412, 419, 437, 44 1,459 Guariglia, Raffaele, 126 Guerrillas de Espana, 13° Guipuzcoa: as "enemy" of Franco regime, 404; Falange in, 258 Guitarte, Jose Miguel, 320, 321 Haartman, Carl von, 243, 267-68 Habsburgs, 4-5, 14 Haz (SEU journal), 141, 320, 321, 396 Hedilla Larrey, Manuel: arrest and trial of, Index 27°,271; and auxiliary organizations, 256; on Canary Islands, 27 I; and censorship of press, 256; death of, 444; death sentence for, 27 I; and elections of 1936, 181; and exchange of prisoners, 264; and expansion of Falange, 249-59; and Falange Exterior, 342; and Falange internal politics, 258, 267, 268; and Falange program, 253; and Falange-Carlist fusion , 260, 261-62, 263-64, 265, 266, 267,268,269,27°; Franco's relations with, 218, 252, 259, 265, 266, 267, 268,269,27°; German relations with, 25°,259,265,27°; on Italian Fascism, 253-54; Italian relations with, 259, 262-63,264,265,27°; asJefe Nacional , 268; and Jose Antonio in prison, 216,218; as Junta de Mando jefe, 208, 249-59; and Junta Politica, 269, 270, 276; and military, 250, 252; and military revolt of 1936, 205; and Movimiento, 443,444,448; on Nazism, 253-54; personal and professional background of, 249; release of, 275; on religion, 253; and repression during Civil War, 248; style and personality of, 249, 250, 264; supporters of, 280; and syndicalism/ workers, 255,443,444; on totalitarianism , 264 Hendaye, France: Hitler-Franco meeting at, 334-35 Hermandades,433-34 Hernandez, Jesus, 109 Herraiz, Ismael, 395, 420 Herranz, Francisco, 450-5 I Herrera, Angel, 28, 29 Herrero Tejedor, Fernando, 439, 440, 44647 ,454,463-64,465 Hillers de Luque, Sigfrido, 443, 457 Himmler, Heinrich, 397 history: Carrero Blanco's views about, 365; Jose Antonio's views about, 144, 222-24 Hitler, Adolf: accession to power of, 77; and Arrese's visit to Berlin, 382, 385; as CEDA model, 46; and conspiracy against Franco, 374-75; defeat of, 397; and F. E. de las JONS, 170; FET praise for, 280; final days of, 394; on Franco, 342,373,374; Franco as Spanish, 288; Index Franco's correspondence with, 331, 337; Franco's meetings with, 334-35; Franco's views about, 337; and German troops in Spanish territory, 384; Goicoechea's interview with, 87; and Great Britian, 157; influence on Jose Antonio of, 80, 179; Jose Antonio compared with, 116, 234-35; and Jose Antonio's visit to Germany , 158-59; as model for Spanish leadership , 81; and Munoz Grandes, 372, 374-75,381,382,384,385,410; political alliances of, 129; power and authority of, 242, 310; on religion, 373; and Second Republic, 77-78; Serrano's meetings with, 333,336; style of, 140; and totalitarianism , 474 "Homenaje y reptoche a D. Jose Ortega y Gasset" (Jose Antonio essay), 141 La Hora (SEU journal), 414 humanism, 235,474 Ibanez Martin, Jose, 402 Iberian Anarchist Federation. See FAI Ideario del Generalisimo (Franco), 271 imperialist nationalism, 9 individual: and Carlists, 287-88; and "definitive program" for Falange, 127-28; freedom of, 147-48; Jose Antonio's views about, 74,147-48,15°,224,235; and Movimiento in post-fascist era, 429; and second metamorphosis of Franco regime , 429. See also civil guarantees and rights instauraci6n doctrine, 132, 355,404,409, 462 Instituto de Estudios Politicos, F 6, 388, 4°2,420,433,461 Instituto Nacional de Industria (INI), 328 Integralismo Lusitano, 18 Integralists (Portugal), 18, 47, 49,176 intellectuals: and authoritarian nationalism , 16, 21, 36; and Falange members, 258; fascism of, SI-65, 473; and FET, 317-19; French, 10; Jose Antonio's views about, 73, 222; and Movimiento, 402, 413,414,443; and problem of Spanish nationalism, 6, 13. See also specific person International Anti-Fascist League, 116 s8r Isabel (queen of Spain), 4, 8,46 Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale, 328 Italian Fascism: and authoritarian nationalism , 22, 23, 27-35, 39-40, 42, 43, 4546 ,47; collapse of, 391-92, 394-95; criticisms of, 339, 395-96; and Dictatorship , 22, 23, 27-35, 39-40, 77, 88-89; and early years of World War II, 33 I; Falange press about, 253; and FalangeCarlist fusion, 261-62; and fascism of intellectuals , 52-53, 54, 58, 59, 60, 61; Franco's views about, 325-26, 476; growth of, 471, 472; and Italian elections of 1921, 180; and Jose Antonio, 79,88-89,142, I48, lSI, 154-56, 158, 159,162,163,234,274,473; longevity of, 469; and modernization, 53; and Nationalist Association, 264; and party membership, 284; and Portugal, 18, 175; and Socialists, 104; Spanish imitations of, 77-102. See also fascism; specific person Italian Social Republic (RSI), 393, 394 Italy: and authoritarian nationalism, 16-17; authoritarianism of, 286; avantgarde culture in, 470; breakdown of liberal system in, 40; Catholicism in, 54, 89,327; collapse of fascism in, 391-93, 394-95; and early years of World War II, 33 1-32, 340; economy of, 36; Ethiopia invaded by, r54, 168-69, 177; and Falange armed revolt, 196-97; and Falange -Carlist fusion, 265, 266; and Fascist March on Rome, 22, 27, 77, 172; and F. E., 96-97; and F. E. de las JONS, 160,161-62, 173, 191, 196-97, 259, 262-63; and FET, 280, 289, 3°4, 326, 327,331-32,34°,376; and Franco, 24°,260,262-63,264,265,266,289, 304,311,331; Hedilla's relations with, 264,265,27°; and Jose Antonio in prison, 219; Jose Antonio's visits and reports to, 88-89, 161, 173-74, 227-28; and military revolt of 1936, 206; as model for Spanish institutions, 158, 161, 389; and monarchism, 355; Primo de Rivera (Miguel) visits, 27-28; Serrano's visit to, 311, 327, 373, 378; and Spanish Italy (continued) monarchism, 160, 161-62, 373, 376; Spanish relations with, 30. See also Italian Fascism; Mussolini, Benito Iturmendi, Antonio, 359,420,422,423, 433 JAP (Juventudes de Acci6n Popular), 46, 48,134,168,189,191,267,274 Jato, David, 104 Javier (Carlist heir), 262, 264-65, 270, 287,325 Javier Conde, Francisco, 297, 304, 3I 8, 422 Jefe Nacional (National Chief): and F. E. de las JONS, 257-58,259, 264, 267; and FET, 278, 283, 290-91, 345-46; Franco as, 269, 290-9 I, 367; Galarza as, 345-46; Hedilla as, 268; and Movimiento , 418, 465; Primo de Rivera (Miguel ) as, 29, 39 jerarquia (Falange journal), 258, 318 Jeunesses Patriotes, 92 Jews, 96, 281, 390,469. See also antiSemitism Jimenez Millas, Alfredo, 438-39 JONS (Juntas de Ofensiva NacionalSindicalista ): and anarchists, 86; and birth of syndicalism, 63, 65; and CEDA, 98; commemoration of fusion of Falange and, 453; and conspiracy against Second Republic, 65; decline of, 65, 98; detention of members of, 86; expansion of, 77,78, 85-86; Falange compared with, 93; Falange competition with, 98; Falange fusion with, 98-TOO; and fascism of intellectuals, 63; and founding of Falange , 90; and Friends of the USSR attack , 86,95; funding for, 86-88; leadership of, 63; and monarchists, 86, 87-88; National Council of, 98-99; and Nazism , 96; re-creation of, 13 5; satire about, 95; slogan of, 86; slogan and symbols of, 63; students in, 85; at Valladolid , 13 6; and violence, 86. See also F. E. de las JONS "Jons" (local units), 99,104,105,135 JONS (publication), 86, 103-4, T )2-5 3 Jordana, Jorge, 418 J6venes Mauristas, 19 Index Joventut d'Esquerra Republicana-Estat Catala (JEREC), 126 Juan (monarchy heir), 355, 371, 372, 373, 376,381,382,404,409,413,436-37 Juan Carlos (prince), 28,404,417,418, 436,451-5~455,457,458,463,465, 466,467 Junta de Defensa Nacional, 207, 216, 240-42,247,25 2 Junta de Mando (F. E. de las JONS): and auxiliary organizations, 256-57; and censorship of press, 255-56; and expansion of Falange, 249-59; expulsion of Alvarez Sotomayor and Ledesma by, 135; and Falange internal politics, 267; and Falange-Carlist fusion, 266, 267, 268, 271; Franco's relations with, 266; and Franco's unification of all militia, 244; functions of, 249; Hedilla as Jefe of, 208,249-59; leadership of, 258-59; meetings of, 258-59; membership of, 99; and militia training schools, 243; reorganization of, 2 I 6; Salamanca as base of, 252-53; suspension of, 123 Junta de Mando Provisional, 259 Junta Directiva Provisional de Fuerzas Econ6micas , 296 Junta Nacional Carlista, 244, 265 Junta Politica (F. E. de las JONS): arrest and trial of members of, 190, 192; and "definitive program" for Falange, 127-29; and elections of 1936,180; and Jose Antonio as Jefe Nacional, 125; Ledesma as president of, 125; membership of, 125; and military revolt of 1936, 203; Parador de Gredos meeting of, 171; and plans for armed revolt, 174; police raid on, 186-87; and structure of Falange , 164 Junta Politica (FET): and Begofia crisis, 380; and Carlists, 286; Carrero's views about, 365; conflict within, 277; and conspiracies against Franco, 371; criticisms of, 357; and defascistization, 37778 ,379,380,390; and disciplining FET, 366-67,377-78; and early years of World War II, 334; and FET between 1939-1941,314,316,334,343,357; and FET reorganization, 304-5; and foreign relations, 334; formation of, 269; Index Franco's views about, 304; functions of, 314; functions and powers of, 277, 283; and Hedilla, 269, 270; and introduction of Cortes, 379; membership of, 276, 277,278,283,304,314,390; and proposed FET constitution for government, 346-47; role and functions of, 347 Junta Politica (Movimiento), 401, 413, 421- 22 Junta Suprema del Requete (Carlists), 325 Junta Tecnica del Estado, 281, 291 Juntas Castellanas de Actuaci6n Hispanica (Castilian Committees of Hispanic Action ), 62-63 Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista. See JONS Juntas militares, 23 jurados de empresa, 407, 445 Juridical Statute of the Right to Political Association, 461 justice and law: Cerrero's views about, 366; as FET national service, 279 Juventud (SEU journal), 395-96,414 Juventud Nacionalista, 78 Juventud Socialista Unificada (United Communist -Socialist Youth), 204 Juventud Universitaria (University Youth), 41 5 Juventudes de Acci6n Popular (Youth of Popular Action). See JAP Juventudes Mauristas, 47 Karim, Abdul, 24, 25, 27 Keitel, Field Marshal, 374 Keyserling, Count, 7I Kindelan, Alfredo, 330, 355, 358 Kipling, Rudyard, 157 Knobloch, Joachim von, 218, 219, 220 La Jarilla (Seville): Falange training of militia at, 243 labor: and authoritarian nationalism, 33; and FET, 297-99; and Movimiento in post-fascist era, 405, 409. See also Ministry of Labor; syndicalism; workers; specific organization Labor Service, 351 Lafuente, Modesto, 7, 8 Lain Entralgo, Pedro, 258, 304, 317-18, 320,391,413,414,419 Largo Caballero, Francisco: attempted assassination of, 142, 188, 191; and exchange of son for Jose Antonio, 216; and execution of Jose Antonio, 231-32; and fascism of intellectuals, 54; and formation of first Popular Front government , 215; imprisonment of, 190; Jose Antonio's views about, 171; as prime minister, 2I 6; and violence, 114 Larios, Margarita. See Primo de Rivera, Margarita Larios Larra, Mariano Jose de, 222 Larraz, Jose, 359 Lateran Pacts (1929), 89 Latin America: Falange Exterior in, 342-44; German-Spanish agreement about, 337-3 8 Law of the Bases of National Syndicalist Organization (1939), 349-50 Law for the Constitution of Syndicates (1940),351-52 Law of the Cortes, 435 Law for the Defense of the Republic, 78, 189 Law of the Leadership of the State (1939), 310 Law for the Organization and Defense of National Industry (1937), 328 Law of the Organization of the State, 346 Law for Political Reform (1976), 467 Law for the Protection and Development of National Industry (1939), 328 Law of Public Order, 213 Law of the Referendum, 435 Law for the Structure of Government, 422- 25 Law of Succession (1947), 404, 40 5, 433, 435 Law of Syndical Unity (1940), 350, 352, 357 Law of University Organization (LOU) (1943),321 Lazar, Hans, 354 leadership: and weakness of Spanish fascism , 475. See also specific person or organization League of Nations, 153, 168-69, 177, 326 Ledesma Ramos, Ramiro: abandons scholarship for politics, 58; achievements of, 69; and Ansaldo's plan, I I 8; arrests and Ledesma Ramos, Ramiro (continued) detentions of, 60, 65, 85, 86, 139; Barcelona as base of, 13 6; and birth of syndicalism , 54-61, 62, 63, 65; and Calvo Sotelo , II7; and Catholicism, 138; and colonialism, 152-53; on communists, 138; and conflicts within Falange, 134; and conspiracy against Second Republic, 65; death of, 139; declaration at Gimenez Caballero's banquet of, 56, 58; and "definitive program" for Falange, 127-29; expulsion of, 135, 136, 140; and Falange plans for armed revolt, 170; and Falange-JONS fusion, 98, 99, 100; and fascism, 82, 136-39, 140, 142, 143, 155,195, 269-70,471,473,474;and fascism of intellectuals, 53, 54-6I, 62, 63,65; and founding of F. E., 90; and Franco regime, 140; funding for, 58, 60, 65,139; ideology of, 136-39; impact of, 139-40; and Jose Antonio, 75, 86-87, 120, 125, 135, 139, 143, 144, 150, 171, 222; as Junta Politica president, 125; and leadership of Falange, 125; loyalty to ideals of, 441; on Marxism, 137; on nationalism, 138; on Nazism, 138; as paradigm of radical intellectual, 473; personal and professional background of, 55-56; and Portugese syndicalism, 175; as radical intellectual, 139-40; and recreation of JONS, 135; Redondo compared with, 62; and revolution, 134, 150; and Right, 200; on Sanchez Mazas, 314; and Socialist insurrection, 126; and students, 135, 13 6; style and personality of, 59, 60-61, 71, 87, 122-23, 136; and violence, 103, 105, 107, 109, 114, 122, 154-55; on working class, 136, 137-38; writings of, 53, 55, 56, 58,78,136-37, 139,140,152-53. See also JONS Left: and Allen's interview of Jose Antonio, 225; and authoritarian nationalism, 16, 23,45; defeat of, 310; and elections of 1936,179,183; as enemies of Falange, 115,165; executions of, 256; Falangists as, 442; and FET, 256, 280; Jose Antonio 's views about, 222, 474; Ledesma's views about, 137; and military revolt of 1936, 206; and Movimiento, 404, 442, 453-54; and outlawing of Falange, 189; Index repression of, 256; and violence, 104-5, 106,124,169,187,189-90,204;and weakness of Spanish fascism, 470-71, 472,473,474. See also specific person or organization Legion of the Archangel Michael, 175, 176,249,475-76,477 Legion Espanola, 163 Legionarios de Espana (militia), 42, 106 Lenin, V. I., 71, 80, 147 Leon, 3,28,62, 208 Lequerica, Jose Felix de, 60, 397-98 Lerroux, Alejandro, 95 "Letter to the Military of Spain" (Jose Antonio ), 134, 170, 197 liberalism: and authoritarian nationalism, 20,24,25,4°,42-44,48,49,50;and Carlists, 48; defeat of, 310; and elections of 1936, 184; elitist, 6, 7, 8, 20; and failure of Dictatorship, 38; in Falange, 256; and FET, 280, 358; Franco's views about, 403; in Italy, 40; Jose Antonio's views about, 146, 149, 205, 225,474; Ledesma's views about, 138; and military revolt of 1936, 205; and Movimiento , 403, 413, 414, 424; in Portugal, 40, 48, 49, 50; and problem of Spanish nationalism, 6-7, 8, 14; and weakness of Spanish fascism, 471, 472, 474. See also specific person or party Libertad (Redondo weekly), 62, 96, 166 Libya, 16o Liga de Accion Monarquica, 21 Liga de Actuacion Politica, 12 Liga Nacional 28 de Maio, 49, 175 Liga Patriotica Espanola, 20 literature: and FET between 1939-1941, 31 7-1 9 Lliga Regionalista, 15,21,22,43,52 Llorente, Jose, 5 Logrono: Falange in, 256 Lope de Vega, Felix de, 319 Lopez Bassa, Ladislao, 265, 266, 269, 276, 277 Lopez Bravo, Gregorio, 432 Lopez Puertas, Daniel, 271 Lopez Rodo, Laureano, 423, 426, 434, 43 8,44°,446,447,455 Lopez-Cancio Fernandez, Jesus, 428 Lorente, Jose, 358-59, 364 Index Luca de Tena, Juan Ignacio, 78-79 Luna, duquesa de. See Azlor de Aragon, Pilar Luna Menendez, Jose, 258, 368, 380, 381 MacDonald, Ramsay, I I 6 Macia, Francese, 22 Macias Picavea, Ricardo, 16 Madariaga, Salvador de, 464 Madrid: Civil War battle for, 227, 240, 241; elections in, 412-13; elections of 1936 in, 183; Falange organization in, 163,164,166; and fascism of intellectuals , 58; general strike in, 124; JONS in, 85-86; Movimiento membership in, 450; police raid on F. E. de las JONS in, 106, II}; violence in, 109, 110,111-12, 187,189-9°,2°4,378 Maestu, Cerefino, 444 Maeztu, Ramiro de, 42, 47,59, 1I6 Mainer, Jose-Carlos, 52 Malaga: Falange organization in, 166; and Falange-Carlist fusion, 270 Malaparte, Curzio, 53, 58, 60, 103-4 Mallol, Jose Alonso, 188, 192 Mallorca: Hedilla on, 271 Mancisidor, Jose Maria, 231 Maranon, Gregorio, 19°,214,318,4°1 Maravall, Jose Antonio, 318, 358 Marchiandi (Italian labor attache), 297-98 Mariana, Juan de, 4 Marina, Luys Santa, 166 Marismas, marques de las (Jose Ignacio Escobar ),200 Marpicati, Arturo, 89 Marquez Horrillo, Diego, 443 Martin Artajo, Alberto, 402, 403 Martin Echevarria, Leandro, 212, 215, 228 Martin Villa, Rodolfo, 440-41, 456 Martinez Anido, Severiano, 293-95, 297 Martinez Barrio, Diego, 212, 214, 215,228 Martinez Berasain, Jose, 265 Martinez de Bedoya, Javier, 136, 256 Marx, Karl, 71, 189, 223, 316 Marxism: and authoritarian nationalism, 46; and defascistization, 391; and "definitive program" for Falange, 127-28; and Falange plans for armed revolt, 170; and Falange-Carlist fusion, 261; and fascism of intellectuals, 59,60,65; and FET, 298, }16; Franco's views about, 405; and fusion of Falange and JONS, 100; and Goicoechea-F. E. de las JONS agreement, 119; Jose Antonio's views about, 149, 170; Ledesma's views about, 137; Luca de Tena's views about, 79; and Movimiento, 405, 453; and weakness of Spanish fascism, 470 Masons, 348, 365, 367, 370, 390, 421 Mateo, Manuel, 135, 172,444 MATESA Affair (asunto MATESA), 451 Matteotti Affair (Italy), 204 Matthews, Herbert L., 417 Maura, Antonio, 19, 20, 46, 95 Maura, Miguel, 202, 205, 211-12, 214, 21 5-16 Maurin, Joaquin, [37-38,469,470 Maurism, 19-20, 3°,42,46,47 Maurras, Charles, 21 Mayalde, conde de (Jose Finat), 199, 205, 209,211,220,3 14 Mazon, Jose Ma., 276, 277 Melquiades Alvarez, D., 193,214 Menendez Pelayo, Marcelino, 9, 413 Menendez Pidal, Ramon, 318 Menendez Rubio, Tito, 259, 264, 347 Merimee, Prosper, 10 Merino, Ignacio, 330 MES (Movimiento Sindicalista Espanol), 85-88 Mexico: Falange in, 343 Miaja, Jose, 220 Middle Ages, 3,4,12,124,223 middle class, 38, 470, 471, 472 La Milicia Nacional, 276 militarism, 127-28, 129, 133, 154 military: and authoritarian nationalism, 22-24; and Bilbao incident, 379-80; British relations with, 355; Cerrero's views about, 365-66; in Civil War, 39; conspiracy against Second Republic by, 65; and defascistization, 375, 376-77, 378, 37980 ,381,393-94; and Dictatorship, 39, 134; and disciplining FET, 365-66, 371, 375,376-77,378, 379-80,3 81;and early years of World War II, 327, 33 I, 336,338-39,345-46; and elections of 1936, 183; and Falange plans for armed revolt, 170, 171-72, 173-75; and fas- 586 military (continued) cism of intellectuals, 54; F. E. influence in, 97; and FET between 1939-I941, 3I1 , 3 I2, 314, 327, 328, 330, 331, 33 6, 33 8-39,345-46,354-5 6,35 8,359, 361; and FET during Civil War, 278, 280,283,3°7; and FET militia, 345-46; and foreign relations, 336; Franco's appointments to, 358; in Franco's cahinet, 312; Franco's relationship with, 376-77, 378,379-80,393-94; and fundamental laws, 423; and Hedilla, 250, 252; Jose Antonio's views about, 149, 170, I97; loyalty to Franco of, 478; and monarchism , 3I1, 355, 358, 37 ' , 393-94; and Movimiento, 404, 409, 423; and National Council (FET), 283; and Nazism, 345-46; in Portugal, 17-18,49, I78; power and influence of, 29I, 308, 312, }28, 36I; and syndicalism, 351, 352; titles of nobility for, 407; and weakness of Spanish fascism, 47I, 472, 473, 475, 478. See also army officers; Dictatorship (Primo de Rivera); specific person military rebellion: as charge against Jose Antonio, 227-30 military revolt ([936),39, I97-208, 239, 240 militia: arrests of officers of, 244; Carrero's views about, 365; command of, 346; criticisms of, 278, 357; and defascistization, 396; dissolution of, 396; and early years of World War II, 34 5-46; and Falange Exterior, 343; and Falange-Carlist fusion , 269, 276; of F. E. de las JONS, 242-45,247,269,3°5,346; of FET, 276, 304, 305, 343, 345-46, 357, 396; and first phase of Civil War, 242-45; and Franco, 242-45; Franco's unification of all, 244; importance to Nationalists of, 245; Jose Antonio's order to, 242; and military, 345-46; organization and leadership of, 243, 244; as part of regular army, 269; proposed revival of, 3°5; and repression during Civil War, 247; Ridruejo 's proposals for, 304; training of, 243,244; university, 346; workers, 3sr, 352. See also Blue Division; Primera Linea; veterans; specific organization Ministry of Agriculture, 312, 349, 350, 354,359,360,4°2,410 Index Ministry of the Air Force, 312 Ministry of the Army, 342, 355, 4IO Ministry of Commerce and Industry, 402, 426,451 Ministry of Economics, 354 Ministry of Education, 402, 4 [4,420, 427,451 Ministry of Finance, 359, 426, 451 Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 343-44 Ministry of Housing, 427, 429 Ministry of Industry and Commerce, 349, 354,359 Ministry of Information and Tourism, 427, 43 2,459 Ministry of the Interior, I26, 292, 350, 354,35 8-59, 360- 6I , 364, 369, 440, 460,462 Ministry of Justice, 291, 402, 463 Ministry of Labor, 3I 2, 350, 359,4°6-7, 427,451 Ministry of National Education, 354 Ministry of Public Health, 294 Ministry of Public Order, 293-95 Ministry of Syndical Action and Organization , 299, 349 Ministry of War, 125 Miranda, Joaquin, 208, 250, 276 Modelo prison (Circe! Modelo): Jose Antonio in, 190-93, I98 modernization, 9, 40-41,53, I}2, 240, 31 9,426- 2 7 Mala, Emilio: and armed revolt plans of Falange , I7I-72, 173; as coordinator of military revolt, I97-98; and FalangeCarlist fusion, 266; and Franco, 240, 241-42; Italian views about, 262, 263; Jose Antonio contacts, 198; and Jose Antonio in prison, 2I 6; and military revolt ofI936, 202, 203, 205, 206, 207; and militia and paramilitary units, 242; and social policy, 295; title of nobility for, 40 5 monarchism/monarchists: and authoritarian nationalism, 44, 46-48; and Carlists, 46,47-48,160; and Catholicism, 42, 43,46-47; and conspiracy against Second Republic, 65, 77; and corporatism, 1}2; and defascistization, 375, 376, 381, 382,390,393-94; and "definitive program " for Falange, T}0; and disciplining FET, 371-72, 374, 375, 376, 381, 382; Index and elections, 94, 412-13; expulsion of, 140; Falange views about, 254; and Falange -Carlist fusion, 262, 270; and Falange -JONS fusion, 100; and FET between 1939-1941, 3II, 312, 314, 325, 355,356,358; and FET during Civil War, 279, 282, 287, 306-7; and Franco as acting head of insurgent government, 241-42; and Franco as regent, 404; Franco 's views about, 240, 269, 270, 325, 371, 372, 390, 393-94, 417; and fundamental laws for redefinition of Movimiento , 423; and funding for Falange, 94,118; funding sources for, 47,160, 161-62; and Germany, 355-56, 372, 381, 382; and Goicoechea-Falange agreement, II8-19; and Great Britain, 371; and Italian Fascism, 47; and Italy, 160,161-62,355,373,376; and JONS, 86, 87-88; and Jose Antonio, 87-88, II7, II8, 131-32; in Junta Politica, 304; and last phase of Movimiento, 432, 436-37,452,458,462,464; leadership of, 197; and military, 3II, 355, 358, 371,393-94; and Movimiento in postfascist era, 404, 409, 412-13, 417, 418, 421,423,429,430; and National Council , 283, 314,390; "neotraditionalist" school of, 42; and Portugese syndicalism , 176, 177; proposed revolution by, 160; realignment among, 46-48; and repression during Civil War, 248; and rivalries within cabinet, 432; and second metamorphosis of Franco regime, 429, 430; and Second Republic, 41-42; and students, 417, 418; and succession, 404, 405,413; and violence, 378; and working class, 132. See also specific person or party monarchy: downfall of, 41; Franco's views about, 409; future of, 413; and Law of Succession, 404, 405 Monasterio, Jose, 244 Montero Diaz, Santiago, 86, 100 Montero Rodriguez, Matias, 102, 107-8, IIO,417 Montes, Eugenio, 141, 158, 161, 215-16, 218,23 2,412 Mora Figueroa, Manuel, 396,404 "Moral Cowardice" (Anson article), 464-65 Moreno, Jose, 172, 208, 249, 258, 264, 267 Moreno Herrera, Francisco. See Eliseda, marques de la Morocco: during Dictatorship, 24, 27, 30, 3I; and early years of World War II, 329,332,339; establishment of protectorate in, 24; Falange in, 220, 250, 253, 279, 342; and fascism of intellectuals, 51, 52; and FET between 1939-1941, 329,332; and foreign policy, 329; Franco in, 239, 240; high commissioner of, 358; loss of, 426; military in, 23, 24, 39, 109, 329; and military revolt of 1936,197,205,206; Nazis in, 240; Riffi insurrection in, 24, 25, 27, 30 Moscard6, Jose, 174 Mosley, Oswald, 85, 226 La Motorizada (Socialist militia group), 194,195 Mourlane Michelena, Pedro, 141, 180 Movimiento: and abolition ofFET, 451; activities of, 4II-I2; anniversary of, 332, 351,448,456; anti-Franco sentiment within, 420; Arrese's proposals for advance of, 421-25; and collapse of Germany , 398; as "communion," 446, 448; defascistization of, 478; dissension within, 4II-12, 418, 420, 425, 430, 442-44,452,456-57; dissolution of, 4°9,467; downgrading of, 402-3, 426, 427; and failed revival of Falangism, 408-26; and Falange-Carlist fusion, 260-72; and fascism, 401, 426, 445, 478-79; final years of, 457-68; Franco as essential to, 465, 466; Franco's views about, 403, 410, 411, 412, 413, 421, 427,436,448,461,465; functions of, 403,4°9,422,446; funding for, 410II , 449, 460; goals of, 295; last phase of (1959-1977),431-68; loyalty to Franco of, 409; membership of, 410, 423, 437, 446,459-60; National Congress of, 412; between 1945-1977, 399-430; between 1948-1957,4°8-26; Principles of, 422-25, 429, 435, 43 6, 437, 454, 461; and restructuring of FET, 370; role in Franco regime of, 409, 430; and second metamorphosis of Franco regime, 426-30; secretary general of, 402-3, 404,409-10,420,422-25,427,437, 588 Movimiento (continued) 44°,446,447,451-56,459,460,463, 465; statutes of, 346-47; succession of, 413; symbols and slogans of, 402, 412, 452,467; uniform of, 411, 412. See also National Council (Movimiento); specific person, organization, or topics Movimiento Naciona!. See Movimiento Movimiento Sindicalista Espafio!. See MES Mun, Albert de, 30 Mundo Obrero (Communist publication), 190 municipal government, 401 Munoz Grandes, Agustin: as army minister , 410; arrest of, 312; and Cabinet rivalries , 431-33; and camisas viejas, 313; and conspiracies against Franco, 375, 382; and early years of World War II, 336,34°,342; as Falange military commander , 329; and FET between 19391941 ,312-13,327,336,34°,342,345, 357; FET resignation of, 345; as FET secretary general, 345, 361-62; and foreign policy, 394; Franco's relationship with, 313,345,385,394,433; and Hitler, 372,374-75,381,382,384,385,410; honors for, 385; and last phase of Movimiento , 43 1-33; and monarchists, 372; and Nazism, 327; personal and professional background of, 312-13; returns to Spain, 384-85; and Spain's entry into World War II, 386; support for Franco regime by, 403; as vice president of government and lieutenant to Franco, 43 1-32 Munoz Mates, Juan, 374, 387 Muro, Jesus, 208, 249, 264 Mussolini, Benito: authority of, 242; and Azana, 54; as CEDA model, 46; and Dictatorship , 22, 25, 27-28, 30, 32-37, 39-40; downfall of, 39 1-92, 394-95; and early years of World War II, 33 I, 337; Eliseda's meeting with, 94; and Falange armed revolt, 196-97; and FET between 1939-1941, 337; Foxa's views about, 339; Franco's meetings with, 28, 337; Franco's relations with, 33 7; Hedilia letter to, 264; and Jose Antonio, 8889 ,90,116,144,15 6,15 8,161,234; Martinez Anido's petition to, 294; as Index model for Falange, 96, 101, 170; as model for Spanish leadership, 81; political alliances of, 129; Serrano's meetings with, 373; and Spanish monarchism, 373; style of, 140; and syndicalism, 368; writings of, 90 La Nacion (UP newspaper), 29, 78, 82, 89, 97 Nacionalismo Lusitano, 18 Napoleonic wars, 14 nation-state: definition of, 149; Jose Antonio 's views about, 145, 149 National Agrarian Council, 352 National Assembly (Dictatorship), 34, 35, 37 National Confederation of Labor. See CNT National Congress of National Movement (October, 1953),412 National Congress of Press and Propaganda , 253, 263-64 National Congress of Students (Madrid, April 1953), 4 I 5 National Congress of Workers, 405, 427 National Council (F. E. de las JONS): and "definitive program" of Falange, 127; and elections of 1936,179-80; and Falange internal politics, 267, 268, 269; and Falange-Carlist fusion, 268, 269; and Jose Antonio's death, 257; leadership of, 125-26, 258-59; and membership of Falange, 165; Second, 179; and structure of Falange, 164; suspension of, 123; Third plenary meeting of, 257 National Council (FET): and camisas viejas , 283, 314; and Carlists, 283; and Cortes , 379; criticisms of, 357; and defascistization , 379, 390; and disciplining FET, 37 I, 379; and early years of World War II, 340; Fernandez Cuesta as secretary of, 283; and FET between 1939-1941, 314,336-37,34°,357; and FET restructuring , 371; and foreign relations, 329; formation of, 269; Franco's annual messages to, 342, 391; Franco's endorsement of FET before, 391; Franco's speech about fascism to, 384; Franco's views about, 304, 350; functions and powers of, 278, 283, 357; membership of, 283, Index 364,39°; and military, 283; and monarchism , 283, 307, 390; and social policy, 296-98; statutes of/about, 278, 390; and syndicalism, 349-50 National Council (Movimiento): Arrese's report about Falangist influence given to, 424; and fundamental laws for redefinition of Movimiento, 422-25; goals of, 448; and last phase of Movimiento, 431, 434-35,446,448,449,453,454,45 6, 458,460,461,463; membership of, 418,435; and Movimiento in postfascist era, 218, 422-25; power and authority of, 454; Tenth (1964), 446 National Delegation, 31 5, 357; of Associations , 428, 433-34, 453; of Culture, 451; of Ex-combatants and Exprisoners , 405; of the Family, 453; of Health, 438; of Information and Investigation , 409; of justice and Law, 438; of Political Action and Participation, 453; of Press and Propaganda, 255,280,292, 293,358,393,420; of the Provinces, 404, 437; of Social Welfare, 365, 405; of Syndicates, 365, 367-68,407,427. See also specific person National Economics Council (Dictatorship ), 32 National Front: and elections of 1936, 179-80 National Movement. See Movimiento national referendums, 404, 435, 448 National Socialism. See Nazism National Union (Portugal), 49-50, 175, 176 "National Wheat Syndicate," 136 nationalism: and elections of 1936, 184; factors discouraging modern, 13-14; imperialist , 9; in Italy, 470; and jose Antonio , 73-74, 78, 81-82, 145-46, 150, 152,223-24,236; Ledesma's views about, 138; peripheral/centripetal, 3, 14, 15, 20, 21; problem of Spanish, 3-T5; and weakness of Spanish fascism, 471, 472-73. See also authoritarian nationalism Nationalist Army, 245 Nationalist Association (Italy), 264 nationalization: Jose Antonio's views about, 179-80 Navarre: Carlists in, 133, 260, 265, 288, 325,378,379; Falange in, 256, 258; and FET between 1939-1941, 325; Franco honors Carlists in speech in, 287; historical development of, 3; and problem of Spanish nationalism, 3, 4, 5,6 Navarro Rubio, Mariano, 426, 433 navy, Spanish, 206, 328, 364 Nazi-Soviet Pact (1939),329-30 Nazism: and camisas nuevas, 310; and Catholicism , 326, 327; and CEDA, 45; and conspiracies against Franco, 348; and defascistization , 397-98; Falange press about, 253; and Falange-Carlist fusion, 261-62; and fascism, 54, 60, 62,478; and FET between 1939-1941, 325-26; Franco's views about, 325-26, 431; growth of, 471, 472; and jONS, 96; and jose Antonio in prison, 218-20;jOSe Antonio 's views about, 148, 155-56, 15960 , 225; and Jose Antonio's visit to Germany , 158-59; and last phase of Movimiento, 453; longevity of, 469; and military, 345-46; and military revolt of T936, 206; and party membership, 284; and political redefinitions, 397-98; and Portugese syndicalists, 175; racism of, 89,96; and Radicals, 309, 331; and Socialists , I04; and spirituality, 225; and syndicalism, 317-18, 352; and violence, 106; Winterhilfe of, 257; and Women's Section, 392. See also Germany; specific person Negrin, juan, 186 neo-Nazism, 457, 467 neo-Thomism, 9, 474 neofascism, 457, 467-68 neotraditionalism, 158, 178, 222, 223, 280,3 25,355,47°-71,474,478 neutrality, Spanish: in World War I, 472; in World War II, 330, 331, 346, 355, 381, 386,39°,394 New Order, 331, 332, 333, 387, 39 1 New York Times: Franco interview in, 27T-72 Nieto Antunez, Pedro, 432, 433, 458 iNo Importa! (Jose Antonio paper), 191, 198, 200 nobility: titles for, 405 Nombela-Taya affair, 179 590 "Notebook of a European Student" (Jose Antonio essay), 222-24 noventayochistas. See Generation of Ninety-Eight NSDAP. See Nazism Obra Nacional Corporativa, 261, 300 OJ. See Organizaci6n Juvenil Olazabal, Jose Maria de, 403 Old Guard. See Vieja Guardia del Movimiento Operaci6n Principe (Operation Prince), 45 1 Opus Dei, 413, 426, 432, 439, 440, 44142 ,451,459,463 Orbaneja, Vicente Sergio, 265, 266 Orden Nuevo (journal), 444 Organic Law of the Movimiento and Its National Council (Rodriguez Valcarcel proposal), 447-49 Organic Law of the National Movement, 422- 25 Organic Law of the National Movement (Solis proposal), 438 Organic Law of the State (1966), 435-36, 446,447,448,449 Organic Statute of the Movimiento (1968), 448,453 Organizaci6n Juvenil (OJ), 303-4, 321, 323,459 Organizaci6n Juvenil Espanola, 428 Organizaci6n Nacional de Excombatientes , 313, 394 Orgaz, Luis, 358, 384 Ortega Diaz-Ambrona, Juan, 461 Ortega y Gasset, Jose: and authoritarian nationalism, 25, 31; and elites, 146; and fascism of intellectuals, 56; and "Generation of 1914," 12; image of, 142; and Jose Antonio, 12,71, 80, 141, 145, 148, 214,218, 221; "national republicanism" of, 83, 85; and nationalism, 145; and Primo de Rivera dictatorship, 25, 31; and problem of Spanish nationalism, 12-13,14,15; satire about, 95; writings of, 141 Orti Bordas, Jose Miguel, 441, 455,456 Ossorio y Gallardo, Angel, 88 Oviedo: Falange in, 13 I Oyarzun, Roman, 260-61 Pacto de Tortosa (1869), 8 Pais, Sidonio, 18,40 Index Pamplona: Carlists in, 288; Falange in, 131,258; violence in, 378 Panama, 398 papacy. See Vatican Paracuellos del Jarama, 227, 249 Parador de Gredos: Junta Politica meeting at, 171 paramilitary and parapolice forces, 19, 202, 320, 396. See also militia; specific organization Pardo, Lorenzo, 172 Pardo Sanz, Rosa, 343 Parliament (Dictatorship), 35, 38. See also Cortes; specific person or party Parti Populaire Fran~ais (PPF), 397 Partido Nacionalista Espanol (PNE), 4243 ,77-78,96,130,261,262 Partido Obrero de Unificaci6n Marxista (POUM), 137-38 Partido Revolucionario Institucional (Mexico ),445 Partido Sindicalista Autogestionario (SeJfManaging Syndicalist Party), 166,444 Partido Social Popular, 19-20 Partito Fascista Italiano, 309 La Patria Libre (Ledesma publication), 136 Pearl Harbor, 344, 384 Pedregal, Manuel, 189 Pedro Lien (outside Salamanca): Falange training school at, 243, 244, 267-68 Peman, Jose Maria, 34,42,283,318 Pemartin, Jose, 29-30 Pemartin, Julian, 81, 82 Pena Boeuf, Alfonso, 3II Perales, Narciso, 347, 404, 443-44 Perales Rodriguez, Jorge, 443 Pereira, Pedro Theotonio, 326 Perez de Cabo, Jose, 168, 371 Perez Gonzalez, Bias, 314, 381, 384 Perez Pujol, Eduardo, 30 peripheral nationalism, 3, 14, 15, 20, 21 Peronism, 444, 445 Pestana, Angel, 134, 166-67 Pi y Margall, Francisco, 8 Piasecki, Boleslaw, 309 Index Picasso, Pablo, 142 Pildain, Bishop, 416 Pimenta de Castro, General, 18 Pinar, BIas, 452, 457 Pinto, General, 226 PNE. See Partido Nacionalista Espanol political alliances: and "definitive program " for Falange, 129 political Catholicism, 3I I, 312 political prisoners, 186, 285. See also specific person political redefinitions: and defascistization, 387-9 8 politics: and weakness of Spanish fascism, 470-7 I. See also associations; specific person, party, or topic Polo, Carmen, 274-75 Polo, Zita, 80, 274-75 Popular Culture: Vice Secretariat of, 378 Popular Education, 369, 370,402,404, 410 Popular Front: amnesties granted by, 108; and "belligerance against fascism," 191; and civil rights, 195; and elections of 1936,185,194-95; and fascism, 195, 196; formation of first government of, 215; harbingers of, 122; Jose Antonio's views about, 186; justice system of, 226-30; slogans of, 280; and trial and execution of Jose Antonio, 227-32. See also specific person Popular Tribunal, 226-27 Portugal: agriculture in, 178; and authoritarian nationalism, 16, 17-18, 21, 30, 45,48-50; British rclations with, 327, 339; Catholicism in, 18, 50, 175, 176, 178; consideration for annexation of, 33 I; constitution in, 49; corporatism in, 45,49,50; coup in, 49; and Falange plans for armed revolt, 171; and fascism, 52, 53, 176, 177, 178; and FET between 1939-1941,327,331,339; First Republic in, 17-18; historical development of, 3; liberalism in, 40, 48, 49, 50; military in, 17-18,49,472; and problem of Spanish nationalism, 3, 4,5,8,9; Redondo flees to, 65; Republican movement in, 17-19,49; Salazar government in, 4950 ,175-78; Sanjurjo exile in, 171; secret 591 plans for invasion of, 339; Spanish friendship treaty with, 327; syndicalism in, 175-78,469; working class in, 178; after World War I, 18; and World War I, 178; and World War 11,339 Potsdam Conference, 398 POUM. See Partido Obrero de Unificaci6n Marxista Pradera, Victor, 42, 48,133-34,263,405 Prat de la Riba, Enric, 15, 21 president of the government, 457, 458-59, 463 Press Law (1938), 292 Press Law (1966), 434 Press of the Movement, 318,441-42,456, 460- 61 press and propaganda: and defascistization , 378-79, 387, 393, 396-97; and disciplining FET, 369, 378-79, 387; during Civil War, 278, 280-81, 292-93; and FET between 1939-1941, 317-19, 350, 360-61; and FET during Civil War, 278, 280-81,292-93; and FET restructuring, 370; and foreign relations, 378-79, 387; Franco's views about, 442; and Movimiento , 402, 409, 420, 434, 441, 447, 448-49; National Delegation of, 280, 292,293,358,393,420; and political redefinitions , 393, 396-97; Undersecretariat of, 369. See also censorship; Press of the Movement Preston, Paul, 218, 301,476 Pretender. See Juan Preto, Roliio, 175, 177 Prieto, Indalecio: attempted assassinations of, 112, 142; on Dictatorship, 38; and elections of 1936,194,195; and FEA, 280; and Fernandez Cuesta exchange, 281; and founding of Falange, 81-82; and Jose Antonio in prison, 21 I, 21516 ,218; and Jose Antonio's defense of his father, 116; and Jose Antonio's impeachment from Cortes, 117; and Jose Antonio's outline for government, 214; and Jose Antonio's proposal for Falange -Socialist fusion, 186; Jose Antonio 's views about, 195--96, 215; and Portugese syndicalism, 177 Prim, Juan, 27 592 Primera Linea, III, 163, 164, 174, 191, 198,210, 243, 24~4I5,4I7 Primo de Rivera, Carmen, 209-10 Primo de Rivera, Fernando (son of Dictator ), 69, 77,190-91,201,205,209 Primo de Rivera, Jose Antonio: anniversaries of death of, 418-19, 424, 442-43, 456,466; arrests and detentions of, 75, III, II}, 188-208; assassination attempts on, 93-94,110,112,118, T92, 218; bodyguards of, 116-17; cancellation of charges pending against, 186; childhood and youth of, 70-7I; contradictory orientations of, 157-58, 235, 478; contribution of, 236; cult of, 284, 307-8; death of, 228-36, 257, 263, 264, 284; early political activities of, 70-77; family and personal life of, 69-70, 71, 80-81, IIO, Ill, 171; ideology of, 14458 , 212-14; indictments and prosecutions against, 188-89, 191-93, 197, 198; influences on, 71, 80, 88-89, 150, 234; as intellectual, 140; as Jefe unico, 140-43; as lawyer, 71, 75-77, 88, lI8; leadership abilities of, 234-36,475; legacy of, 236, 284; loyalty to ideals of, 273,282,357,424,429,441; military service of, 71, 73; as national hero, 2}2-36; official biography of, I 59; program of, 73, 79, 90-92; reburials of, 233,308,429-30; reprinting of speech of, 255-56; reputation of, 110; selfimage of, 116; style of, 71, 73, 77, 83, 95,115-16,119-20,122-23,136,14°, 142,157; title of nobility for, 405; trial of, 14°-41,215,225,226-3°; as university student, 70-71; writings of, 78, 94, 140,141,185,191,195-96,197,198, 200,212-14,221-24,228. See also specific person or topic Primo de Rivera, Lolita, 2I 6 Primo de Rivera, Margarita Larios, 209, 210,212, 21 5,227-3 0 Primo de Rivera, Miguel (father): death of, 43,72,78; failures of, 49; as father, 70; influence on Jose Antonio of, 97, 150, 234; Italian visit of, 27-28; as "Jefe Nacianal ," 39; as liberal, 38; Mussolini as model for, 27-28; opposition to, 80; picture of, 26; reputation of, 38; style of, Index 27. See also Dictatorship (Primo de Rivera ); specific person Primo de Rivera, Miguel (nephew of Jose Antonio),4 I 7 Primo de Rivera, Miguel (son of Dictator): as agriculture minister, 36o; and armed revolt plans of Falange, 196-97; arrest of, 77; criticism of Franco regime by, 356-5 8; and FET, 314,359,360,374; and monarchism, 374; and plans for Jose Antonio's prison escape, 209; in prison, 198-99, 210-II, 212, 215; replacement as agriculture minister of, 402; resignation from Junta Politica of, 359; threatened resignation of, 356-58; trial and sentence for, 227-30; and World War II, 384 Primo de Rivera, Pilar: criticism of Franco regime by, 356-57,358; and defascistization , 389, 392; and dissolution of Movimiento , 467; escape of, 216; and FET, 273; and foreign policy, 392; German visit of, 392; and National Council, 283; and political redefinitions, 389; and SEU, r63; threatened resignation of, 356-57,358; and Women's Section, 264, 276,3°1,3°3,324,467 Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja, Maria Jesus "Tia 'Ma,'" 70, 209, 2TO, 212, 215 Principles of the Movimiento, 422-25, 429,435,43 6,437,454,461 private property: and"definitive program" for Falange, 127-28; and FET, 299 provinces: arrest of Falange leaders in, 203; CONS in, 121-22; and Falange in 1935,167; Falange in, 201-2, 208, 247, 256, 268; and fascism of intellectuals, 58; redemption of, 14; and restructuring of FET, 370-7 I. See also specific province Pueblo (newspaper), 441, 448, 459 "Puntos Iniciales" (F. E.), 92-93, T02-3, 148, 149 purge: of FET, 370 Quadricentennary: celebration of, 1 r Quadrilateral (military group), 24, 25 Queipo de Llano, Gonzalo, 73, 216, 283, 295,304,307 Index racism, 54, 89, 254. See also anti-Semitism Rada, Ricardo, 170, 172 Radicals: criticisms of Franco by, 353-54; and defascistization, 376; and elections of 1936,178-79; and F. E. de las JONS, 115,167,256; and FET, 309, 33 2, 343, 370,376; Franco's views about, 477; immorality of, 179; and Jose Antonio, 117, 179,186; and military revolt of 1936, 207; and Movimiento, 412, 417, 418, 430,443,456; and Nazism, 309, 331; and second metamorphosis of Franco regime , 430; and Socialist insurrection, 124; and violence, 113; and weakness of Spanish fascism, 470-71, 473; and World War II, 332, 343. See also specific person Radio Nacional, 307 Radio Norte, 122 Ravell6, Gabriel, 219 Raz6n y Fe (Jesuit journal), 285 Reacci6n Ciudadana, 42 Reconquest. See Middle Ages Redondo, Andres, 208, 250, 25S, 259 Redondo Ortega, Oncsimo: and birth of syndicalism, 61-63, 65; and colonialism, 153; and conspiracy against Second Republic , 65; and copying of foreign ideologies , 101; death of, 207; distrust of, 166; and elections of 1936, lSI; and Falange -JONS fusion, 99, 100; and fascism , 61-63, 65, 163,474,478; and JONS, 63, 65; Libertad of, 96; loyalty to ideals of, 441; personal and professional background of, 61-62; and re-creation of JONS, 13 5; reaffirmation of loyalty of, 135, 136; title of nobility for, 405; and violence, 104, 105, 114; widow of, 257; and working class, 254-55 Reforma Social Espanola, 452 reformists: basic beliefs of, 433; Franco's views about, 442; and last phase of Movimiento , 432-35, 442, 445-46, 452, 454,455,456,460-61; and Organic Law of the State, 435-36; proposals of, 433-35; and rivalries within cabinet, 432-33. See also specific person Regalado, Daniel, 44 T Regenerationist movement, TI-12, 14, 16, 24,71,240 593 regentialists, 432. See also specific person Regional Labor Delegations, 407 Rein Segura, Carlos, 402, 410 Reivindicaciones de Espana (Areilza and Castiella), 339,402 religion: and Carlists, 306; and"definitive program" for Falange, 129, 130; and early years of World War II, 327; and Falange in 1936, 178; and Falange-Carlist fusion, 261-62; and FET, 280, 285-86, 327; Franco's views about, 294, 373; Hedilla's views about, 253; historical role of, 47 I; Hitler's views about, 373; Jose Antonio's views about, 148-49, 156,157-58,223-24,474; and Nazism, 327; as part of Falange propaganda, 253; and weakness of Spanish fascism, 471,473,474. See also Catholicism Renovaci6n Espanola: and authoritarian nationalism, 18,47; in Canaries, 261; and Carlists, 261; dissolution of, 265; Falange competition with, 130; and fascism , 132; founding of, 47; Italian funding of, 160; and JONS and MES, 87-88; Jose Antonio's agreement with, II8-19; leadership of, 47; and outlawing of Falange , 189; and repression during Civil War, 248; subsidy for F. E. de las JONS from, 135 repression: during Civil War, 245-49; of F. E. de las JONS, 106, 113, 123, 167, 169,186-87; and Movimiento in postfascist era, 402, 404-5, 419; and weakness of Spanish fascism, 471. See also Assault Guards Republic. See Second Republic Republica Nova: in Portugal, 40 republicanism, 17-18, 38,41,45,49,83, 85, 130. See also Second Republic; specific person Requetes (Carlists), 160,202,203,232, 242, 244, 245, 269, 325, 379 Restoration era, 8, 10-1 I, 69 Revista (journal), 414 Revista de Occidente (Ortega y Gasset journal ), 56, 58 revolution: and "definitive program" for Falange , 129; and internal conflict in Falange , 134-35; Jose Antonio's views about, 127, 150, lSI; and Ledesma, 150 594 revolutionary fascism, 473, 475 Reyes Cat6licos, 63, 254, 268, 271, 378 Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 333, 334, 340, 373,3 82,3 85 Rico, Juanita, I I 1-12 Ridruejo, Dionisio: arrest and detention of, 256; and criticisms of FET, 354; and defascistization , 378; and disciplining FET, 378; dismissal of, 359; and early years of World War II, 340; and Falange anthem , 18o; and Falange-Carlist fusion, 266; on Fernandez Cuesta, 282; and FET between 1939-1941, 314, 318-19, 340,354,359; and FET during Civil War, 273, 304-5; Franco's relationship with, 304-5; German visit of, 290; as intellectual , 141; and Jose Antonio, 141, 233-34; and Junta Politica, 314; and Movimiento, 404, 4I3, 414, 419; and propaganda, 280, 293; Redondo replaced by, 258; renounces all positions, 378; and Serrano Sufier, 275, 293; and syndicalism, 404; and university reform, 419; as Valladolid chief, 258; writings of, 258, JI8; and youth, 303 Riffi insurrection, 24, 25, 27, 30 Right: and alfonsino monarchism, I}2-33; arrest of members of, 194, 204; and authoritarian nationalism (1930-1933), 41-46; Calvo Sotelo as spokesman for, 200; and Carlism, 133; and conspiracies against Franco, 348; and elections, 178, 179,180,181,182,193,467; Falange as, 442; and Falange-JONS fusion, TOO; and F. E. de las jONS, 115,167,254; and FET, 297, }II, 320; Franco's views about, 240; influence in Franco's government of, 291; and Jose Antonio, 101, 117-18,186,193-95,200; and last phase of Movimiento, 441, 442, 444, 449,452,467; l.edesma's views about, 137; and militarism, 133; and military revolt of 1936, 198-208; and Movimiento in post-fascist era, 414, 415, 419, 420; and outlawing of Falange, 190; repression by, 419; and repression during Civil War, 247, 248; and social policy, 297-9 8; and syndicalism, 351, 352; and violence, 204; and weakness of Spanish fascism, 470, 471, 473. See also conserIndex vatism; monarchism/monarchists; specific person or party Rodezno, conde de: and Carlist internal divisions , 264-65; as Carlist leader, 202; and CEDA, 260; and Falange-Carlist fusion , 261-62, 264-65, 270; and FET, 276,277; and Franco, 265, 288; Italian views about, 262-63; and Junta Politica, 277; as justice minister, 291, 306; and military revolt of 1936, 202; and monarchism , 261-62; and National Council, 283; visits Jose Antonio in prison, 202 Rodriguez de Valcarcel, Carlos Maria, 403,415 Rodriguez Tarduchy, Emilio, 82, 170, 347 Rodriguez Valcarcel, Alejandro, 447-49, 455,45 8 Romania, 354,469,471,475-76,477 Romanones, conde de, 232 romanticism, 9-11,14,155, T59 Romero, Emilio, 438, 441 Romero, l.uis, 195 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 384 Ros, Samuel, 14 I Rosales, l.uis, 3I 8 Rossoni, Edmonda, 350, 368 Royo, Rodrigo, 441 Royo Villanova, Antonio, 45 Rubio, Jesus, 420 Ruggiero, Guido de, 43-44 Ruiz Arenado, Martin, 276 Ruiz de Aida, Julio: and Ansaldo, 109, ITS, 122; attacks on, 105; and aviation, 83; and Calvo Sotelo, 117; and elections of 1936,181; and Falange plans for armed revolt, 170, 171, 172; and Falange -JONS fusion, 98, 99; and founding of Falange, 88,98; and funding for Falange, 135; and internal conflict in Falange , 134; and Jose Antonio, 83, 85, 86,87,122; and MES, 85, 86, 87; and military revolt of 1936, 207; outlawing of, 123; professional and political background of, 83; reaffirmation of loyalty of, 136; and SEU, 102; and shirt color for Falange, 126; and Socialist insurrection , 126; style of, 122; and Treintistas, 166; and violence, 102, 105, 106, 114, 122,191; writings of, 191 Ruiz Gimenez, Joaquin, 414, 420 Index Ruiz Jarabo, Francisco, 463 Ruiz Vilaplana, Antonio, 248 "Russia Is Guilty" speech (Serrano), 340 Russian Revolution, 144 Sainz, Jose, 208, 249, 259 Sainz Rodriguez, Pedro, 87, 118, II9-20, 304, 306 Sala Argemi, Alfonso, 23 Salamanca: and elections of 1936,181; Falange in, 256, 267-68; and FalangeCarlist fusion, 270; Jose Antonio's speech at, 141, 151; Junta de Mando base in, 252-53. See also Pedro Lien (outside Salamanca) Salas Larrazabal, Ramon, 246 Salas Pombo, Diego, 323,425 Salazar, Alejandro, 165, 171, 185-86, 191 Salazar, Antonio de Oliveira, 28, 49-50, 123,175-78,265 Salgado Araujo, Francisco Franco, 369, 4°8,416- 17,419 Saliquet, Andres, 367 Salvador Merino, Gerardo, 305, 315, 35053 ,367-68,376,4°5,445,451 San Sebastian: artistic elite in, 14 I; Germans invited to, 348; JONS in, 86; Jose Antonio in, 86, 123; violence in, 122 Sana, Heleno, 113-14 Sanchez Mazas, Rafael: and Ansaldo's plan, 1 I 8; and early years of World War II, 33 2; and elections of 1936, 18I; and Falange-JONS fusion, 99, 100; and FET between 1939-194], 313, 33 2, 345; Jose Antonio's relationship with, I I 8, 140-41, 314; and Jose Antonio's Rome trip, 161; and Junta Politica, 345; Ledesma 's views about, 140, 314; as mentor on Italian Fascism, 82; and Movimiento, 422; and Serrano, 332; writings of, 78 Sanchez Roman, Felipe, 205, 214, 215-16 "sanjurjada" (1932),65 Sanjurjo, Jose, 65, 95,134,171,226 Santander: elections of 1936 in, 18 I, 183; Falange in, 164, 166; Jose Antonio speech at, 155 Santiago de Compostela: JONS in, 86; violence in, 378 Sanz Bachiller, Mercedes, 257, 303 Sanz Orrio, Fermin, 368,405-6,407,427 Saz, Ismael, 37 Schwendemann, Karl, 219 SEAT automobile factory, 405 595 Seccion Femenina. See Women's Section Second Republic: aftermath of, 40; and authoritarian nationalism, 41-46; and Carlism , 133; conspiracies against, 65, 77; constitution of, 45; Falange revolt against, 196-97; and fascism, 61, 104, 471,472,476; foreign relations of, 168-69; and Goicoechea-F. E. de las JONS agreement, II9; inauguration of, 41-42; Jose Antonio's views about, 74, 75-77,155,214-15; mass rallies in, 29; military revolt against, 197-208; monarchists ' revolution against, 160; shutting down of Falange during, 188-89; and Socialist insurrection, 113-14, 124-25, 126,134; violence during, 102-14, 187-88 Secretariat of the Movimiento, 427 Segunda Linea (Second Line), 163, 164, 247 Senate (Dictatorship), 35 Serna, Victor de la, 264 Serrallach, Jose Antonio, 264 Serrano Suner, Ramon: and armed revolt against Azana government, 199; Arrese compared with, 373; arrest and detention of, 274; and Aznar, 305, 306; and Begona crisis, 380; and camisas viejas, 275-76,281,306; and Carlists, 276, 288, 326; and Carrero Blanco, 364; and Catholicism, 275; and CEDA, 100, 274; and Cortes (Franco regime), 379, 389; criticisms of and conspiracies against, 282-83,288,294, 348, 35~ 371, 375, 376,377,380; and defascistization, 363, 364-65,378,380; and disciplining FET, 366-67,369,371,372,373,374,378, 380; and dissolution of Falange, 401, 448; and early years of World War II, 332-34,336,337-38,339,340; and elections of 1936,193,194,195; and exchange of prisoners, 264; and Falange Exterior, 343-44; and Falange goals, 275; and Falange-Carlist fusion, 266, 271; and fascism, 274, 275, 325-26; and FET between 1939-1941, 311, 314, 31~ 32~ 327, 329, 33 2-34, 336-4~ Serrano Suner, Ramon (continued) 345,353-54,356, 358-61, 362; and FET constitution for government, 346; and FET during Civil War, 274, 275-76, 281,282,285,306; FET "ultimatum" to, 354; as foreign minister, 334, 34344 ,356,373; and foreign relations, 329, 33 1,33 2-33,334,33 6,337-3 8,339, 340,372,374,378-79; as Franco's adviser , 263; and Franco's cabinet, 3I I, 313-14; and Franco's death sentences for Falange members, 271; and Franco's power and authority, 291; Franco's relationship with, 274-75, 277, 281, 292, 311,334,359,364-65, 380, 478; as Franco's scapegoat, 356; functions of, 282; and Gamero del Castillo, 333, 345; and Hitler's Germany, 333, 336, 382; goals of, 314; as interior minister, 274, 292,313-14; Italy visits of, 311, 327, 373,378; and Jose Antonio, 70, 80, 116,125,135,230,263,274,282; and Junta Politica, 314, 316, 334, 345, 346, 366-67,380; and military, 356, 378-79; and monarchism, 282, 307, 355, 356, 372; and Movimiento, 401, 448; and National Council, 283, 364; personal and professional background of, 70, 274; power and influence of, 274, 282, 288, 292,294-95,304,343,354,360,361, 363, 364-65, 366- 67, 369, 378; as public order minister, 295; radicalization of, 274; resignations of, 359, 371, 372; Ridruejo 's relationship with, 293; "Russia Is Guilty" speech of, 340; and Sanchez Mazas, 332; and social policy, 297; style of, 71, 275, 292, 356; and syndicalism, 35 2 Serrano Suner family: execution of members of, 263, 274; Franco's relationship with, 275 service: Jose Antonio's views about, 148 Service of Fronts and Hospitals, 301 services system, 278-79, 299, 315, 370. See also specific service "Servicio EE" (Army Service), 197 Servicio Espanol de Magisterio (teachers), 437,43 8 Servicio Espanol de Profesorado (professors ),437 Servicio Exterior, 260, 342-44, 352 Index Servicio Nacional de Informacion e Investigacion , 28 5 SEU (Sindicato Espanol Universitario): and armed revolt plan of F. E. de las JONS, 171, 186; arrest of leadership of, 188; and Catholicism, 102; depoliticalization and defascistization of, 395-96, 428; dissolution of, 441; elections for, 415-16, 419-20; and Falange as clandestine organization , 191; and Falange plans for armed revolt, 173; and fascism, 395-96; and F. E. de las JONS, 163, 173; and FET, 279, 287, 320-23; formation and functions of, 95,102,415; and Franco, 321; FUE as rival of, 102; Jose Antonio's relationship with, 165, 171, 186; leadership of, 188,321,440-41; and Ledesma , 136; martyrs of, 108; membership of, 164,320-21,415; and Movimiento, 414-19,428,440-41,446; organization of, 95; and "Plan of Action and Polital Formation of the SEU," 415; and recreation of JONS, 135; reconstruction and expansion of, 256,428-29; represented on Jose Antonio's tentative government list, 172; riots and disorders of, 417-18; and violence, 106, 107, 108, IIO, 187; women in, 321; Women's Section of, 163, 164. See also Haz (SEU journal) Seville: Carlists in, 133; elections in, 185; Falange in, 109, 164, 208, 218-19, 250, 390; and Falange-Carlist fusion, 270; Franco's speech about redefinition of Movimiento at, 421; and military revolt of 1936, 206; provincial governor in, 440; Sanjurjo revolt in, 65,95; violence in, 106, 169, 187 shock troops, 176,245,394 Sf (journal), 412 Sicherheitsdienst (SD), 353, 354 Silio y Cortes, Cesar, 16 Silvela, Francisco, 13 Sindicato Espanol Universitario. See SEU Sindicatos Agricolas Montaneses, 249 Sindicatos Libres (Carlists), 19, 20, 61, 106, 114, 120 social factors: and weakness of Spanish fascism ,47I -72 social policy, 283, 295-301, 409. See also social welfare and work Index social welfare and work, 257, 279, 343, 365,37°,4°5,4°6,4°9,435 Socialist General Union of Labor. See UGT Socialists: and authoritarian nationalism, 31,33,44; and elections of 1936,183, 194; and fascism, 78, 1°4, I23-24, 138, 470; and F. E. de las JONS, 105, 117, 207; financing for, 81; insurrection by, 113-14, I24-25, 126, 134, 170, 173; and Jose Antonio, 150, 151-52, 158, 186,199, 2I8; and Movimiento, 464; and nationalism, 81-82; and Nazism, I04; and Portugese syndicalism, 177; and repression during Civil War, 248; and students, 4I 9; and violence, 8I, 104-5, II1-I2, 114, 169, 187, 189-90, 204; young, 111-12, 187 Sociedad Economica de los Amigos del Pais, 30 El Sol (newspaper), 25, 56,92,124,142, 202 Solis Ruiz, Jose: and cabinet rivalries, 432; criticisms of, 439, 442, 443,448; dismissal of, 451; and Franco's death, 465-66; Franco's relationship with, 427; and Giron, 428, 441; as leader, 464; and monarchism, 452; and Movimiento, 44, 43 2, 433-34,43 8-39, 441-48,452; and Opus Dei campaign, 442; and press, 441; professional background of, 427, 437-38; recall of, 465; as reformer, 43334 ,438,445-46,447-48; secretary general appointment of Movimiento, 427, 465; and students and youth, 428-29; style of, 427-28, 437, 439; and syndicalism , 427, 428, 438, 444, 445 Somaten de Cataluiia, 19, 20, 25, 27, 28 Sorel, Georges, 60 Sotomayor, Enrique, 321-23,340 Souchere, Elena de la, 246 Southworth, H. R., 139 Soviet Union: authoritarianism of, 286; and fascism of intellectuals, 59, 60; German invasion of, 332, 340-41, 37I; German negotiations with, 396; Jose Antonio 's views about, 155; and military revolt of 1936, 206; and Spanish Civil War, 206; in World War II, 371, 372, 375,381,39°,396,478 Spain: German influence on history of, 221-22; Jose Antonio's views about his597 tory and future of, 157, 215, 221-22, 223-24; racial concept in history of, 221-22; role in world of, I27-28, 14445 ,153-54,182,33 0-3 1 Spaniards: archetype of, IO Spanish royal family, 2I 8, 355 Spanish-American War (1898), II Spengler, Oswald, 7 I, 144, 197, 223 Stalin, Josef, 242, 310 Statute of Associations, 452 Stohler, Eberhard von, 290, 293-94, 304 students: and authoritarian nationalism, 36-37; and communism, 419; and fascism , 321; and F. E. de las JONS, 101-2, 141, 164; and FET, 287; in JONS, 85; and JONS re-creation, 135; Jose Antonio 's relationship with, 118, 141; Lain Entralgo's report about, 419; and Ledesma , 135, 136; and Movimiento, 41416 ,419,437,443; in Portugal, 175, 176; and rebellion against Redondo, 166; and Socialists, 419; and violence, 102,104,105,106,107-8,187,41920 . See also youth; specific organization Suanzes, Juan Antonio, 349-50, 402 Suarez, Adolfo, 440, 463-64, 465, 466, 467 Suevos, Jesus, 125,397 Superior Council, 330 Superior War College, 339, 346, 385 Supreme General Staff, 332, 346,432 Swiss Bank Corporation, 346 Syndical Congresses, 3sr, 367, 445 syndicalism: and agriculture, 301; and authoritarian nationalism, 17, 32; birth of, 63, 65; Bishop Pildain's criticism of, 4 I 6; cabinet appointments concerning, 291; and camisas viejas, 275, 305, 350; and Carlists, 288; and Catholicism, 120, 318,405; and corporatism, 405; and defascistization , 367-68, 387; definition of, 317-18; and Dictatorship, 32; and disciplining FET, 367-68, 387; and early years of World War II, 329; and elections , 416, 427, 428; expansion of, 256; and failed revival of Falangism, 408-9; and Falange Exterior, 343; and fascism, 53,54-65,317-18,368,473; and FET between 1939-1941, 315, 317, 329, 349-53; Franco regime's adoption of Calvo Sotelo's views about, 132; Fran- syndicalism (continued) co's views about, 445; and fundamental laws for redefinition of Movimiento, 422; Jose Antonio's views about, 150sr , 234, }I8, 329; and last phase of Movimiento, 435, 43 8, 443-45, 449, 459; leadership of, 278; and military, 351, 352; and Ministry of Labor, 406-7; and monarchism, 47; and Movimiento in post-fascist era, 403-9, 415, 418, 422,428,429; national delegate of, 365, 367-68,4°7,427; as national service, 279; and Nazism, 317-18, 352; in Portugal , 175-78,469; reform of, 435; and Right, 3sr, 352; and second metamorphosis of Franco regime, 428, 429; and social policy, 296, 299-301; structure and organization of, 278, 351. See also Syndicalist Organization; specific organization Syndicalist Organization: and associations, 449; bureaucratization of, 368; Communist infiltration of, 421; and FET between 1939-1941, 349-52, 353, 368, 370; function and activities of, 405; Giron 's views about, 427; lack of worker support for, 408; and last phase of Movimiento , 433, 435, 43 8, 444, 445, 449, 4sr, 462; and Movimiento in postfascist era, 405, 406, 408, 421, 427; Nazi agreement with, 353; reform and restructure of, 349-52, 370; and second metamorphosis of Franco regime, 427 Syndicate of Sugar-Beet Growers of Old Castile, 62 Syndicate of the Cinematographic Industry and Public Spectacles, 3I9 Tangier, 332 taxi drivers: JONS syndicate of, 120 Teatro Calderon (Valladolid), 100-101 Teatro de la Comedia, 90-92, 95,102, 141,412,448 Technical Services, 259, 315, 343. See also auxiliary services technocracy, 425, 426-30, 432, 434, 442 Tellaeche, Julian, 141 Telleria, Juan, 180 Tenerife: provincial governor in, 440 theater, Spanish, 319 Index Thomsen, Hans, 336, 348, 352, 353, 35556 , 375 Tierno Galvan, Enrique, 464 Toledo: and Falange plans for armed revolt , 174; FET in, 306 Torcuato Fernandez, Miranda, 420 Torrente Ballester, Gonzalo, 318, 319,389 Torreperogil (Jaen province), II I totalitarianism: ambiguity of meaning of, 286; Arrese's views about, 395; Carrero's views about, 366; components of, 366; and defascistization, 378, 384, 388-89, 393, 395; and "definitive program" for Falange, 127-28; and FET, 285-86, 298, 3°4-5,316-17,346,393; Franco's views about, 271-72, 294, 378, 384, 477; Garcia Valdecasas's views about, 388-89; Hedilla's views about, 264; Hitler 's views about, 474; Jose Antonio's views about, 149-50, 156, 234, 235, 474; redefinition of, 388- 89, 395 Tovar, Antonio, 256, 318, 320, 35 8, 359, 414,415 La Traza (The Project), 23, 28 Treaty of Friendship and Conciliation (1926),3° Treintistas, 166-67 Tribunal de Responsabilidades Politicas de la Dictadura, 76-77 Tribunal de Urgencia, 192 Tribunal Supremo, 192, 193, 198, 21}, 227,39°,447,463 Tripartite Pact, 336, 340, 375 Triumvirate (Falange), 99, lI8, 123, 267, 268 Trotsky, Leon, 80 Tusell, Javier, 35, 37, 277, 298, 355,478 Twelfth Army Corps, 384 "Twelve Points of the Flecha" (OJ code of conduct), 303 Twenty-Seven Points, 127-29, 130, J 52, 153,188,192,235, 269 Twenty-Six Points, 282, 285, 286, 353, 422,429,477 Ucelay da Cal, Enric, 7 UDPE (Union del Pueblo Espanol), 464, 465,467 UGT (Socialist General Union of Labor), 33,61,1°4, 121 Index Ullastres, Alberto, 426 UME (Union Militar Espanola), 170, 172, 197, 210, 347 UMN (Union Monarquica Nacional), 21, 42-44,73 Unamuno, Miguel de, 11-12, 13, 141, 142, 165 unemployment: and CONS, 120-22 Unidad (Falangist daily), 253 Unio Socialista de Catalunya (USC), 22 Union Ciudadana, 19 Union de Centro Democratico (UCD), 467 Union del Pueblo Espano!. See UDPE Union of Fascists (British), 85 Union lbero-Americana, II Union Militar Espanola. See UME Union Mondrquica (journal), 74 Union Monarquica Nacional. See UMN Union Patriotica (UP), 28-30, 31, 34, 37, 49,78,175,347 United Nations, 398 United Party. See FET United States, II, 128, 225, 342, 344, 372, 397 unity: and "definitive program" for Falange , 127-28, 129; Jose Antonio's views about, 13, I30, 145-46, 147, 152, 196, 215,223; and Movimiento in postfascist era, 429; and second metamorphosis of Franco regime, 429; and Socialist insurrection, 126 universities: Cortes representation of, 390; and fascism of intellectuals, 58; and FET between 1939-1941, 320; militia in, 346; and Movimiento in post-fascist era, 414-16,420; political divisions in, 102; reform of, 320, 414-16, 419; and violence , 107; women in, 41. See also specific university University of Heidelberg, 159 University of Madrid, 85-86, 102, 107, 1°9,164,414,419-20,441,457 University of Salamanca, 414, 415 University of Santiago de Compostela, 100 University of Seville, 102, 106 University of Valencia, 30, 418 University of Valladolid: SEU at, 102 University of Zaragoza: violence at, 106, 107 UP. See Union Patriotica Uria, Rodrigo de, 297, 304, 318 Urraca Pastor, Maria Rosa, 301 Uruguay: Falange in, 343 Utrera Molina, Jose, 459-60, 461, 463 Uzcudun, Paulino, 219 Valdes, Dario, 276 599 Valdes Larranaga, Manuel: and defascistization , 392, 397; and Falange plans for armed revolt, I72; and FET, 314-15, 367,374; and foreign policy, 397; and Germany, 382, 385; Jose Antonio's relationship with, 165, 368; as labor undersecretary , 368; and monarchism, 374; and Movimiento, 455, 456; as national delegate of syndicates, 368; and SEU, 102 Valencia: as base for Republican government , 227; Falange in, 210; JONS in, 86; and problem of Spanish nationalism, 4; repression in, 346 Valladolid: CONS in, 120; and elections of 1936,183; Falange in, 163, 164, 166, 207-8,256,257,258,266; and fascism of intellectuals, 62, 63, 65; and F. E.JONS fusion, 158; first major meeting of F. E. de las JONS at, 100-101; JONS in, 86; "Jons" in, 135; Movimiento in, 437, 453-54; nationalism in, 61; rallies at, 158; and re-creation of JONS, 135, 136; violence in, I I I Valldecabres, Emilio, 231 Valle de los Caidos (Valley of the Fallen), 429,43 6,439-4°,442-43 Valle-lnclan, Ramon Maria de, 12 Vallellano, conde de, 423 Valverde, Jose Maria, 318 Varela, Jose Enrique, 172,348,355,374, 375,376-77,378,379-80,381 Vatican, 218, 327-28, 401, 447, 478 Vazquez de Mella y Fanjul, Juan, 30, 133, 172 Vega, Alonso, 433 Vegas Latapie, Eugenio, 110, 307 Ventosa, Juan (Catalinist financier), 214 vertice (journal), 318 vertice, Flechas (Arrows) (Falange children 's journal), 253 veterans, 245, 313, 348, 370, 374, 394, 40 5,435,439-40 600 vice president of government, 431-32, 458 Vice Secretariat of Popular Education, 369, 378,402,404,410 Vice Secretariat of Press and Propaganda, 361 Vice Secretariat of Social Works of the Movimiento, 420 Victor Emanuele (king of Italy), 28, 262 Vieja Guardia del Movimiento (Old Guard of the Movement), 413, 437, 43 8, 449, 455,45 6,459,463,465 Vigon, Jorge, 200, 433 Vigon, Juan, 332, 346, 372-73 Villanueva de la Reina: violence in, 105 violence: and authoritarian nationalism, 20; and elections, 194; expansion of, 122,187-88,189-90; and FalangeCarlist fusion, 271; and fascism, 54,60, 61,62,63,65,79, 105, IO~474;and F. E. de las JONS, 101, 169; and FET, 317,359; and Goicoechea-Falange agreement, 119; and JONS, 86; Jose Antonio 's views about, 79, 90,103,105-7, 108-9,110,113-14,118,142-43,150, 154,187,191,198,205,215,234-35, 474; justification of, 19 I; Luca de Tena's rejection of, 79; and Movimiento, 41920 ,457; and Nazism, 106; in I970s, 457; and radicals, I 13; during Second Republic, J02-J4, 187-88, 189-90; Socialists ' views about, 79, 81; and students , 102, 104, 105, 106, 107-8. See also specific person, organization, or incident Vivar Tellez, Rodrigo, 396,4°3,404,407 Vizcaya: and authoritarian nationalism, 21; as "enemy" of Franco regime, 404; Falange in, 376; and fascism of intellectuals , 60; and problem of Spanish nationalism , 15; as source of Socialist financing, 8I; syndicalism in, 407; workers in, 33 Vblckers, Hans Hermann, 96-97, 216, 219,220 war: definition of, 396; Franco's views about, 339; Jose Antonio's views about, 154. See also specific war War of Independence, 6 War of the Spanish Succession, 5 Warlimont, Walter, 219, 220 Wehrmacht, 342, 394 Weizsacker, Ernst von, 220, 290 Index women: and authoritarian nationalism, 3I, 33,34,44; and Catholicism, 44; education of, 62; and Falange as "fashionable ," 194; and fascism of intellectuals, 62; and modernization in 1920S, 41; in SEU, 321; as university students, 41; voting rights of, 34, J 54; wages of, 33. See also Women's Section Women's Section (Seccion Femenina): activities of, 257, 301; and Catholicism, 309, 477; conservatism of, 323-24; and defascistization , 390; Delegada Nacional of the, 324; and dissolution of Movimiento , 467; early leaders and founders of, 207, 216, 264; expansion of, 257; and FET, 276, 279, 301, 303, 323-24; Franco's speech before, 378; functions of, 323; Italian and German counterparts to, 477; leadership of, 276, 301, 303,467; loss of support for, 390; membership of, 301,437,459; and Movimiento , 437, 443, 445; and Nazism, 392; Pilar Primo de Rivera's threatened resignation from, 358; political divergence within, 301; Salamanca as base for, 264; of SEU, 163, 164; seventh congress of, 390; success of, 477 Worker Alliance, 124 workers: and authoritarian nationalism, 22,45; and Falange propaganda, 254-55; and fascism, 60, 61, 470, 471, 472; Franco's speech to, 405; Hedilla's views about, 255; Jose Antonio's views about, 120; and Ledesma, 136; and monarchism , 132; in Portugal, 176, 178. See also labor; Ministry of Labor; syndicalism ; specific organization Workers' Party of Marxist Unification. See Partido Obrero de Unificacion Marxista World War I, 14,4°,51,144,178, J84, 472 World War II: ceremonies and rituals during , 319; and collapse of Germany, 398; early years of, 326-42; end of, 397, 398; and Falange dependency, 476; and FET between 1939-1941, 326-42; Franco's powers during, 29 I; possibility of German defeat in, 390; Spain's entry into, Index 33°,332-33,334,33 6-37,34°,35 6, 373,374, 381 , 38~ 384, 38~ 38~ Spain's neutrality in, 330, 331, 346, 355, 381 , 386, 390, 394; Spain's nonbelligerence in, 331-32, 394; U.S. entry into, 344, 372; and weakness of Spanish fascism ,478 Ximenez de Sandoval, Felipe, 159, 260, 342, 344, 376, 378 Yagiie, Juan: as air force minister, 3 I2, 328, 348; and armed revolt plans of Falange , I97; and camisas viejas' pardons, 293-94; on Civil War, 293-94; and conspiracies against Franco, 305, 347-48, 375,382; dismissal of, 348; exile of, 382; and Falange internal conflict, 264; as Falange military commander, 329; and Falange-Carlist fusion, 266; and FET between 1939-1941, 312, 328, 336,347-48; and foreign policy, 394; Franco's relationship with, 293, 394; and monarchism, 372, 382; in Morocco, 197; and World War II, 382, 384 Yalta Conference, 397 Yanguas Messia, Jose, 298 Ybarra steamship line, 219 601 youth: and cult of Jose Antonio, 307; and Falange-Carlist fusion, 267; and fascism , 321-22; and FET, 279, 286, 303-4,319-23; Jose Antonio's views about, 142; Lain Entralgo's report about, 419; and last phase of Movimiento, 435, 443,457,460,461; Ledesma's views about, 138; and Movimiento in postfascist era, 409, 417-18, 419, 421, 430; and second metamorphosis of Franco regime , 430; as Socialists, II 1-12, 187. See also students; specific organization Yugo y flechas (yoke and arrows), 467 Yzurdiaga, Fermin, 253, 254, 258, 280, 289 Zalamea de la Serena: violence in, 105 Zaldivar, Jose Ma., 287 Zaragoza: CONS in, 120; Falange in, 207; and Falange-Carlist fusion, 270; Franco 's speech in, 293; Jose Antonio's speech at, I 55-5 6; and military revolt of I936, 207; repression during Civil War in, 247; violence in, I06 Zugazagoitia, Julian, 226 ...