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APPENDIX USE OF AQUATIC PLANTS BY BIRDS AND MAMMALS Available information concerning the use of plants by birds and mammals consists of data of heterogeneous nature, some general and some local in application. The following generalizations are from statements compiled by Frederick and Frances Hamerstrom, from the publications listed in the bibliography. The kinds of animals have been lumped for convenience into the following arbitrary groups: marsh birds, wildfowl, shore birds, upland game birds, song birds and mammals . References to specific animals appear in the animal index (p. 351), but much special information concerning season, locality and relation of the food to other foods is omitted and may be found only by referring to the original papers, indicated by numbers following each statement. Many of the original papers are local in their import, whereas others refer to a large territory; to determine whether text statements are correspondingly local or general each should be checked from the annotated bibliography. For example, "72" refers only to Nebraska, whereas a statement followed by "65" is usually of wide application. A plant here described as "unimportant" may have been listed by some of the authors as of local importance. All the plant names have been reduced to the nomenclature of the main text of this book. When an animal name is listed without further comment it should be understood that the plant is eaten by that animal. 1. ACANTHAcEAE, Diamhera: pinnated grouse eat seeds.40 2. ALGAE, general: marine algae and Characeae most often mentioned, but some others may be important, often as food for wildfowlliB.69.66.76.91; deem; support aquatic animals77; may smother other plants.77 3. Chq.ra and Nitella: often important for wildfowI7.1l.62.u.IiB.IiB.n.66.67.72.87.0t, perhaps chiefly because of minute aquatic animals77; may grow too luxuriantly77; moose.81 4. Spirogyra: wildfowl64; sometimes preferred food of deer.'.89 5. Vaucheria: deer.' 6. ALIBMACEAE, general: wildfowl eat mostly tubers and nutlets.n....IiB.B 7. Alisma: nutlets eaten by wildfowl62.6,.IiB.66, usually not important.71 7a. A. gramineum: unimportant for ducks.a 7b. A. Plantago-aquatica: wildfowl62.64.1iB.06, usually not important7l•91; pheasant.30 8,9. Echinodorus spp. and Lophotocarpus calycinus: wildfowl eat small quantities of nutlets.IiB.66 10. Sagittaria: wildfowl eat many tubers, some nutlets and other parts62.54.68.69.80.66.88.91; stems, roots and tubers food for muskrats77•79, porcupine79, and beaver." lOa. S. cristata: lesser importance for ducks. l3·n lOb. S. cuneata: wildfowl eat many submersed tubers and some other parts.l3·67.67.Dl 343 344 USE BY WILDLIFE lOc. 8. graminea: good duck food.17 lOd. S. latilolia: wildfowl eat many submersed tubers and some other parts11.II•H, 62,54,17,II8,7I,77,87,81j attracts marsh birds, wildfowl and song birds31j muskrats.11,H, 1&,. lOe. S. rigida: muskrats11j ducks.ll,17 10/. S. teres: ducks.54,17,II8,1I 11, ARACEAE, general: wood duck eats seeds." 12. ACOTUS Calamu8: muskrats.II,.,79 13. Calla palustris: sparingly eaten by muskrat.II 14. Peltandra virginica: seeds eaten by wildfowl, sometimes importantli4,Ii7,II,77,87,llj rarely eaten by muskrat.· 15. ASCLEPIADACEAE, Asclepias spp. Ducks.It,1I8 16. A. incarnata: muskrats eat roots sparingly.II 17, BETULACEAE, Alnus: upland game birds eat buds, leaves and flowersll,III,aa,II,70, 78,83j attractive to song birdsH as foodllO,81,81j wildfowl&4j deer, mostly starvation dietl ,71,84j beaver1,6,8,U,46,79,tIOj moose.81 17a. A. crispa: moose"j beaver.ll 17b. A. incana: upland game birdsUl,83j moose eat leavesS9,81j inferior food for deerll, ae,48,4UIi'''j beaver.11,14 17c. A. rugosa: deer4,17j beaver.' 18. BORAGINACEAE, MY080tiB spp.: birds eat fruits.IIO,81,81 19. CALLITRICHACEAE, Callitriche spp.: ducks.II8," 20. CAMPANULACEAE, Campanula americana: deer.' 21. CERATOPHYLLACEAE, CeratophyUum demersum: mostly seeds, sometimes foliage, importsnt food for wildfowI9,u,13,n,&4,II8,II8,U,II,87,7I,77,87,I8,81j shelters shrimps and other small animals77j muskraptj sometimes crowds out other plants.77 22, COMPOSITAE, general: ducks&l,64,lI8j only a few species are food for wildfowl.II 23. Bidens: attracts upland game birds, ducks and song birdsllj mostly fruits eaten by upland game birdsll,37,as,39,40,42,47,48,80,I8, and ducks.II,&4,II8,1I 23a. B, cernua: ducksll8, of lesser importance.71 23b. B. C071Wsa: upland game birds eat fruits.80,IiO,14 2&. B. coronata: of lesser importance for ducks.71...

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