Notes
264 NOTES 1. The Problem of the Wilderness 1. Robert Marshall, “The Problem of the Wilderness,” Scientific Monthly 30, 2 (February 1930): 148. 2. Benton MacKaye, “An Appalachian Trail: A Project in Regional Planning,” Journal of the American Institute of Architects 9 (October 1921): 325–30. 3. Harvey Broome, Out Under the Sky of the Great Smokies: A Personal Journal (1975), viii. 4. For details of this founding moment, see Broome, “Origins of the Wilderness Society,” The Living Wilderness 5, 5 (July 1940): 13–15; Michael Nadel, “Genesis of the Wilderness Society,” June 1973, TWSP, Box 11, Folder 19; Stephen Fox, “‘We Want No Straddlers’,” Wilderness 48 (Winter 1984): 5–19; Harvey Broome to Robert Sterling Yard, September 7, 1939, TWSP, Box 11, Folder 20. The Broome quote is from this letter. There is disagreement about who drafted the constitution at the center of this roadside discussion. Broome says it was MacKaye while Fox suggests it was Marshall. Neither documents their claim. A letter between Marshall and Anderson (October 24, 1934, TWSP, Box 11, Folder 15) suggests that it was MacKaye, perhaps with Broome’s assistance . But MacKaye, in a letter to Yard (September 16, 1939, TWSP, Box 11, Folder 20), gives Marshall more of the credit. 5. Broome, Frank, MacKaye, and Marshall drafted an invitation dated October 19, 1934. Marshall then sent this invitation and a form letter to each of the other proposed founders. Most of those letters were dated October 25, 1934. RMP, Box 1, Folder 18. 6. Harold Anderson to Harvey Broome, December 11, 1939, TWSP, Box 11, Folder 20. 7. This quote is from a letter from Marshall to Leopold, February 21, 1930, ALP, 10-3, Box 4. 8. For a biographical sketch of Oberholtzer, see R. Newell Searle, Saving Quetico-Superior: A Land Set Apart (1977), 53–59. 9. See Nadel, “Genesis of the Wilderness Society,” 4. In a letter to MacKaye (November 24, 1934, TWSP, Box 11, Folder 20), Marshall noted that, “Collier says he would be delighted to join with us, although I am not sure whether it would be wise from his standpoint.” 10. See letter, John C. Merriam to Bob Marshall, November 3, 1934, TWSP, Box 11, Folder 20. 11. See “Minutes of the Wilderness Society,” and the resulting statement, “The Wilderness Society,” both in TWSP, Box 11, Folder 19. 12. The best example of this interpretation is Nash’s Wilderness and the American Mind (1982). See also Alan Taylor, “‘Wasty Ways’: Stories of American Settlement ,” Environmental History 3, 3 (July 1998): 291–310. 13. Roderick Nash, The Rights of Nature: A History of Environmental Ethics (1989); Michael Frome, The Battle for the Wilderness (1997); J. Baird Callicott, In Defense of the Land Ethic: Essays in Environmental Philosophy (1989). On deep ecology, see Bill Devall and George Sessions, Deep Ecology (1985). 14. Samuel Hays’s Beauty, Health, and Permanence: Environmental Politics in the United States, 1955–1985 (1987) is the classic example here, though it deals mostly with the postwar era. For versions rooted in earlier eras, see Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind; Peter Schmitt, Back to Nature: The Arcadian Myth in Urban America (1969). 15. “A Summons to Save the Wilderness,” The Living Wilderness 1, 1 (September 1935): 1. 16. On the new ecology, see Donald Worster, “The Ecology of Order and Chaos,” in The Wealth of Nature: Environmental History and the Ecological Imagination (1993), 156–70; Worster, Nature’s Economy: A History of Ecological Ideas (1994); Daniel Botkin, Discordant Harmonies: A New Ecology for the Twenty-First Century (1990); and Michael Barbour, “Ecological Fragmentation in the Fifties,” in Cronon, ed., Uncommon Ground: Rethinking the Human Place in Nature (1996), 233–55. A polemical and less satisfying treatment is Stephen Budiansky, Nature’s Keepers: The New Science of Nature Management (1995). Richard Sellars presents a nice overview of many of the management dilemmas faced by the National Park Service over the course of its history in Preserving Nature in the National Parks: A History (1997). Conservation biologists and island biogeographers have been a leading force in getting Americans to rethink the adequacy of traditional wilderness preservation. Wild Earth, the journal of the Wildlands Project, and the Journal of Conservation Biology are both excellent sources on how wilderness defenders have rethought the wilderness idea in recent years. On island biogeography , see David Quammen, The Song of the Dodo: Island Biogeography in an Age of Extinctions (1996). For other ecological critiques, see J. Baird Callicott and Michael P. Nelson, eds...
OR
Buy This Book in Print