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NOTES 1 / INTRODUCTION 1. Mark W. T. Harvey, A Symbol of Wilderness: Echo Park and the American Conservation Movement (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1994). Stephen Fox, The American Conservation Movement: John Muir and His Legacy (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1981), explores an earlier dam controversy, that over Hetch Hetchy in the Yosemite Valley. Echo Park’s protagonists fought in the long shadow cast by Hetch Hetchy’s giant antagonists, John Muir and Giªord Pinchot. 2. Federal dam advocates claimed its minimum output of 686 megawatts would almost triple Idaho Power Company’s 1951 capacity. Congressional Quarterly, “The HellsCanyonControversy,”inCongressand the Nation:AReviewof Governmentand Politics in the Postwar Years, 1945–1964 (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Service, 1966), 948; Susan M. Stacy, Legacy of Light: A History of Idaho Power Company (Boise: Idaho Power Co., 1991), 232. 3. Julius A. Krug to Nelson Lee Smith (FPC chairman), 29 August 1947, and Glen Taylor to Nelson Lee Smith, 16 August 1947, Formal File 100–2: Part 1, box 253, FPC Project No. 1971, FERC Accession No. 138–88–006. 4. Quoted in Roscoe Ames, “Private Enterprise Builds a Hydro Dam in the Northwest,” Public Utilities Fortnightly 49 (3 January 1952): 21–29 (hereafter cited as PUFN); Idaho Daily Statesman (Boise), 5 February 1949, 1–2; Tom Humphrey, “The Northwest Power Puzzle,” PUFN 43 (14 April 1949): 465–69. 5. American Public Power Association, “Federal Power Policy,” Public Power 7 (November 1949): 7–8, 24–25. 6. “MorePublicPowerforPrivateUtilityDistribution?”PUFN 39(10April1947): 511–12. 7. Reproduced in Gus Norwood, Columbia River Power for the People: A History 227 of the Policies of the Bonneville Power Administration (Portland, Ore.: Bonneville Power Administration, 1980), 165 (emphasis in original). 8. Three-quarters of all northwestern wageworkers labored in the wood products industry and agriculture at the Depression’s onset, a proportion unchanged in nearly a half century. Robert E. Ficken, “Grand Coulee and Hanford: The Atomic Bomb and the Development of the Columbia River,” in The Atomic West, ed. Bruce Hevly and John M. Findlay, 21–38, 25 (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1998). 9. Richard White, The Organic Machine: The Remaking of the Columbia River (New York: Hill and Wang, 1995); John Gunther, Inside U.S.A. (New York: Harper Bros., 1947), chaps. 6–9. 10. T. H. Watkins, Righteous Pilgrim: The Life and Times of Harold L. Ickes, 1874– 1952 (New York: Henry Holt and Co., 1990). 11. Paul J. Raver to Columbia Basin Inter-Agency Committee, 6 May 1946, folder 14–2, box 14, CBIAC Papers, Accession No. 1659–2, University of Washington Archives. 12. Lesher S. Wing (FPC) to William E. Warne (assistant Interior secretary), 1 November 1948, folder 14–4, ibid. 13. Richard Lowitt, The New Deal in the West (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1984); Jeanne Nienaber Clarke, Roosevelt’s Warrior: Harold L. Ickes and the New Deal (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996); John G. Clark, Energy and the Federal Government: Fossil Fuel Policies, 1900–1946 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1987). 14. OregonJournal(Portland),10August1950,11;IdahoDailyStatesman,16August 1950, 6. 15. PaulC.Pitzer,GrandCoulee:HarnessingaDream(Pullman:WashingtonState University Press, 1994); Oregon Journal, 10 December 1947, 1, 20. 16. Region 1 Director (Newell) to Reclamation Commissioner, Supplemental Report on the Payette Unit/Mountain Home Project, 18 May 1949, Formal File 100–2: Part 1, box 253, FPC Project No. 1971. 17. KrugtoSmith,29August1947,FormalFile100–2:Part1,FPC ProjectNo.1971. 18. U.S. House of Representatives, Document No. 473 (81st Cong., 2d sess., 1950), sets forth Reclamation’s Snake Basin Plan. 19. Region 1 Director to Reclamation Commissioner, “Supplemental Report on the Payette Unit/Mountain Home Project,” 18 May 1949, Formal File 100–2: Part 1, box 253, FPC Project No. 1971. 20. Hearing Transcript, 1:40–46 (14 July 1952), 885–87 (17 July 1952), FPC Project No. 1971, box 210, FERC Accession No. 58–A-161. 228 NOTES 21. AnthonyNetboy,TheColumbiaRiverSalmonandSteelheadTrout:TheirFight for Survival (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1980), together with White, Organic Machine, and Joseph E. Taylor III, Making Salmon: An Environmental History of the Northwest Fisheries Crisis (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2000),ablychronicletheregion’sfisheryhistory.JosephConeandSandyRidlington, eds., The Northwest Salmon Crisis: A Documentary History (Corvallis: Oregon State University Press, 1996), supplies indispensable primary sources. 22. J. H. Gutride (FPC acting secretary) to Army Engineers Chief, 14 July 1947, Formal File 100–2: Part 1, FPC Project No. 1971; Leon Fuqua (FPC secretary) to Idaho Department of Fish and Game, 14 July 1947...

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