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Aavik, Juhan (1884–1982), 92, 195 Aarelaid-Tart, Aili (b. 1947), 153 Ackerman, Peter (b. 1946), 6 Aisčiai (Lithuanian rock band), 211–12 Akhmatova, Anna (1889–1966), 150 Akurātere, Ieva (b. 1958), 229–30, 248– 49, 408n66 Akurāters, Jānis (1876–1937), 117 alcohol, 183, 225, 232, 239, 274. See also song contents: alcohol Aleksandravičius, Egidijus (b. 1956), 194 Aleksandrov, Aleksandr (1883–1946), 140–42 Alender, Urmas (1953–1994), 223, 408n66 Alexander I, tsar (1777–1825), 101, 113 Alexander II, tsar (1818–1881), 64, 79 Alexander III, tsar (1845–1894), 64 Alunāns, Juris (1832–1864), 75, 79 Anderson, Benedict (b. 1936), 78, 322, 404n18. See also “imagined community” Andersons, Pīts (b. 1946), 222 Andropov, Yurii (1914–February 1984), 162, 226, 272 Andrulis, Domas (1896–1973), 148 Animals (British rock band), 211 Antanėlis, Kęstutis (b. 1951), 213 Antis (Lithuanian rock band), 234–37, 246, 254–56, 336, 391n79 Apelsin (Estonian rock band), 222, 224 Arbusow, Leonid (1882–1951), 27 Arder, Ott (1950–2004), 223, 408n66 Arnim, Achim von (1781–1831), 69 Astra, Gunārs (1931–1988), 186 Auseklis (Miķelis Krogzemis; 1850– 1879), 6, 75, 90–92, 99–100, 309, 371n108, 408n66 Baliukevičius, Lionginas (1925–1950), 131 Baltakmens, Raimonds (b. 1927), 305 Baltica Association 22, 295–96 Baltica Folklore Festival (see also CIOFF): 1987 in Lithuania, 273, 283; 1988 in Latvia, 11, 22, 47–49, 186, 246, 261–63, 275, 282–85; 1989 in Estonia, 296–97; 1990 in Lithuania, cancelled, 297; 1991 in Latvia, 24, 297 Baltic Way 1989 demonstration, 249– 50, 258, 336 Banaitis, Juozas (1908–1967), 148 Banaitis, Kazimieras (1896–1963), 379n27 Barisons, Pēteris (1904–1947), 174 Barons, Krišjānis (1835–1923), 75, 281– 82, 367n41 Bartašēvics, Raimonds (b. 1953), 229 Bartkēvičs, Leonards (b. 1932), 284 Bartusevičius, Vladas (1927–1982), 180 Basanavičius, Jonas (1851–1927), 93, 97, 125 Bauman, Richard (b. 1940), 320 Baumanis, Jānis (1834–1891), 86 Baumanis, Kārlis (1835–1905), 86, 92, 408n66 Bearslayer (Latvian national epic), 246 Bearslayer (Latvian national hero), 114, 118, 319 Bearslayer (rock opera), 246–48, 254, 317 Beatles (British rock band), 211, 214, 239 Beissinger, Mark (b. 1954), 6, 319, 321 Belševica, Vizma (1931–2005), 274–75 Bendorius, Jonas (1889–1954), 148 Bérat, Frédéric (1801–1855), 344 Berends, Erki (b. 1955), 222 Beresnevičius, Antanas (1832–1904), 69 Bergmane, Irēna, 151 general index General Index 436 Bergmann, Gustav (1749–1814), 57 Berlin, Isaiah (1909–1997), 45 Bērziņš, Ivars (b. 1954), 205 Bīlenšteins, Augusts (1826–1907), 85, 90 Birutė (mother of Vytautas; fourteenth century), 66, 68; in songs, 66–67, 95–96 Birutė (society), 94, 334 Black Sabbath (rock band), 214 Blaumanis, Rūdolfs (1863–1908), 229 Blekys, Irena, 385n60 Bolsheviks, 118, 127, 148, 178, 291, 299 Bradūnas, Elena (b. 1948), 183 Braun, Joachim (b. 1929), 155 Brauns, Mārtiņš (b. 1951), 190–92, 204–205, 408n66 Brazys, Teodoras (1870–1930), 379n37 Breikšs, Leonīds (1908–1942), 249, 408n66 Brezhnev, Leonid (1906–November 1982), 183, 221, 226, 272 Brīvzemnieks, Fricis (1846–1907), 114 Brown, Elaine (1910–1997), 322–23 Brown, James (1933–2006), 214 Brown, Steven (b. 1963), 321–22 Bula, Dace, 405n29 Burkšaitienė, Laima (b. 1933), 270–71 Cajander, Paavo (1846–1913), 69, 348 Čaklais, Māris (1940–2003), 218, 408n66 Chernenko, Konstantin (1911–March 1985), 226 choral song performances, 7–22, 81, 85–86, 93–95, 99, 155, 305. See also song festivals Cimze, Dāvis (1822–1872), 115 Cimze, Jānis (1814–1881), 70, 71, 81, 83, 86, 88, 90, 114–15, 408n66 Cincendorfs. See Zinzendorf CIOFF (International Council of Folklore Festival Organizations), 273, 283, 293, 296 Čiurlionytė, Jadviga (1899–1992), 266 Claudius, Matthias (1740–1850), 44 concerts. See choral song performances; folk song performances; rock and pop song performances; midsummer celebrations; song festivals conscience, 13, 43, 203–204, 217–18, 220, 229, 248, 254, 272, 310, 325, 381n69 conservatories (music academies), 51, 92, 105, 148, 151, 174, 231–32, 264, 334 daina (Latvian folksong), 43, 48, 52, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 66, 88, 90, 92, 99, 105, 114–15, 119–20, 156, 175, 179, 263, 276, 281–82, 285, 367n41 daina (Lithuanian folksong), 16, 54, 57, 59–61, 92, 94–95, 107, 119, 125, 132, 147–48, 201, 263–65 Dandari (Latvian folk dance group, performers at 1998 Smithsonian Festival), 14–15, 278 Danilova, L. A. 288–89 Dārziņš, Emīls (1875–1910), 117, 118, 408n66...

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