The Power of Song: Nonviolent National Culture in the Baltic Singing Revolution

Notes

notes introduction 1. Heinz Valk, “Laulev revolutsioon,” Sirp ja Vasar, June 17, 1988, reprinted in Mart Laar, Urmas Ott, and Sirje Endre, eds. Teine Eesti: Eeslava. Eesti iseseisvuse taassünd 1986–1991. Dokumendid, kõned, artiklid. Documents , Speeches, Articles (Tallinn: SE&JS, 1996), 425–26; excerpts quoted in Harri Rinne, Laulev revolutsioon: Eesti rokipõlvkonna ime, trans. Sander Liivak (Tallinn: Varrak, 2008), 262–63. 2. Gene Sharp, “The New Challenge,” in The Baltic Way to Freedom: NonViolent Struggle of the Baltic States in a Global Context, ed. Jānis Škapars (Riga: Zelta Grauds, 2005), 424. 3. Andrejs Plakans, A Concise History of the Baltic States (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 386–401; Andres Kasekamp, A History of the Baltic States (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), 160–71. 4. Olgerts Eglitis, Nonviolent Action in the Liberation of Latvia (Cambridge , MA: The Albert Einstein Institution, 1993); G. Miniotaite, Nonviolent Resistance in Lithuania: A Story of Peaceful Liberation (Boston, MA: The Albert Einstein Institution, 2002); Mark Beissinger, “The Intersection of Ethnic Nationalism and People Power Tactics in the Baltic States, 1987–91,” in Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-Violent Action from Gandhi to the Present, ed. Adam Roberts and Timothy Garton Ash (Oxford University Press, 2009). 5. Priit Vesilind, The Singing Revolution (Tallinn: Varrak, 2009); Vance Wolverton, “Breaking the Silence: Choral Music of the Baltic Republics. Part One: Estonia,” Choral Journal 38, no. 7 (1998): 21–28; Vance Wolverton, “Breaking the Silence: Choral Music of the Baltic Republics. Part Two: Latvia ,” Choral Journal 38, no. 9 (1998): 37–44; Vance Wolverton, “Breaking the Silence: Choral Music of the Baltic Republics. Part Three: Lithuania,” Choral Journal 38, no. 10 (1998): 23–29; David Puderbaugh, “How Choral Music Saved a Nation,” Choral Journal 49, 4 (2008): 28–43. 6. James Peacock, “Geertz’s Concept of Culture in Historical Context: How He Saved the Day and Maybe the Century,” in Clifford Geertz by His Colleagues, ed. Richard Shweder and Byron Good (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005), 54. Notes to Pages 4–22 358 7. Anthony D. Smith, Ethno-Symbolism and Nationalism: A Cultural Approach (Florence, KY: Routledge, 2009), 16. 8. J. Manischewitz, ed. Singing Revolution Special Program, unpublished sound recordings FP-1998–CT-0284A and FP-1998–CT-0284B (Washington, DC: Ralph Rinzler Folklife Archives and Collections, 2009). 9. John Miles Foley, How to Read an Oral Poem (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2002), 45. 10. Peter Ackerman and Jack DuVall, A Force More Powerful: A Century of Nonviolent Conflict (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2000); Gene Sharp, There Are Realistic Alternatives (Boston, MA: Albert Einstein Institution, 2003). 11. Graham Kemp and Douglas P. Fry, eds., Keeping the Peace: Conflict Resolution and Peaceful Societies around the World (New York: Routledge, 2004); Elsie Boulding, Cultures of Peace: The Hidden Side of History (Syracuse , NY: Syracuse University Press, 2000); Leslie E. Sponsel and Thomas Gregor, eds., The Anthropology of Peace and Nonviolence (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1994). 12. Ellen W. Gorsevski, Peaceful Persuasion: The Geopolitics of Nonviolent Rhetoric (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2004); Kerran L. Sanger, “When the Spirit Says Sing!” The Role of Freedom Songs in the Civil Rights Movement (New York: Garland, 1995); Joe Street, The Culture War in the Civil Rights Movement (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2007). Many books chronicle song authors’ names and dates when selected songs were produced and performed, but do not analyze the poetics or content of a movement’s song repertoire. 13. Manfred Steger, Gandhi’s Dilemma: Nonviolent Principles and Nationalist Power (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2000). 14. Beissinger, “Intersection of Ethnic Nationalism and People Power,” 232. chapter 1 1. Author’s field notes, July 4, 1998; Manischewitz, Singing Revolution Special Program. Words spoken and sung by performers were transcribed and translated by the author. Descriptions of performance context are given in square brackets. 2. “Oh, it floated, floated, And floated across, From the town of Gillija, A yellow little boat. Oh, little brother, little brother, My little brother, Where will we turn our boat, Where will we sail? To the sea, Or to the lagoon, Or to the village Where my maiden lives? Not to the sea, Not to the lagoon, Only to the village Where my maiden lives.” The old Prussian song was published, accompanied by a Latvian translation that was used for this translation to English, in Valdis Muktupāvels, Rasa: Prūšos manas kājas autas (Rīga: Latvijas Kultūras Fonds, 1989), 15. The published variant has...