Tangled Roots: The Appalachian Trail and American Environmental Politics

Notes

197 Notes Notes to Introduction 1 As quoted in Megan Gambino, “Tales from the Appalachian Trail,” http://www. smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/Tales-From-the-Appalachian-Trail. html (accessed March 14, 2013). The original quote comes from Benton MacKaye’s interview with Philip W. Bourne, in Hugh B. Johnson, “The Appalachian Trail and Beyond,” American Institute of Architects Journal, 1971. 2 Although early scholarship on US conservation during the Progressive Era focused on federal efforts to protect resources, more recent scholarship has also explored the role of private citizens and nongovernmental organizations. Classic texts on early US conservation efforts include Samuel P. Hays, Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency: The Progressive Conservation Movement, 1890–1920 (Cambridge , MA: Harvard University Press, 1959); J. Leonard Bates, “Fulfilling American Democracy: The Conservation Movement, 1907 to 1921,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review 44 (1957): 29–57. More recent work that has examined the role of private citizens and nonprofit organizations in promoting public land conservation during the early twentieth century include Susan Schrepfer, Nature’s Altars: Mountains, Gender, and American Environmentalism (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2005); Richard Judd, Common Lands, Common People: The Origins of Conservation in Northern New England (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997); John F. Reiger, American Sportsmen and the Origins of Conservation. 3rd ed. (Corvallis: Oregon State University Press, 2001). For an impressive nonacademic history of private hiking clubs, see Laura and Guy Waterman, Forest and Crag: A History of Hiking, Trail Blazing, and Adventure in the Northeast Mountains (Boston: Appalachian Mountain Club, 1989). 3 For histories of the removals of mountain families in Shenandoah National Park, see Charles M. and Nancy Martin Perdue, “Appalachian Fables and Facts: A Case Study of the Shenandoah National Park Removals,” Appalachian Journal 7, nos. 1–2 (Autumn/Winter 1979–1980): 84–104; Charles M. and Nancy Martin Perdue, “‘To Build a Wall Around These Mountains’: The Displaced People of Shenandoah ,” The Magazine of Albemarle County History 49 (1991): 48–71; Tom Floyd, Lost Trails and Forgotten People: The Story of Jones Mountain (Vienna, VA: Potomac Appalachian Trail Club, 1981); Darwin Lambert, The Undying Past of Shenandoah National Park (Boulder, CO: Robert Rinehart, Inc., 1989); Carolyn Reeder and Jack Reeder, Shenandoah Secrets: The Story of the Park’s Hidden Past (Vienna, VA: 198 notes to page 6 Potomac Appalachian Trail Club, 1998); Dennis E. Simmons, “Conservation, Cooperation, and Controversy: The Establishment of Shenandoah National Park, 1924–1936,” Virginia Magazine of History 89, no. 4 (Oct. 1981): 387–404. For the history of the creation of Great Smoky Mountains National Park, see Durwood Dunn, Cades Cove: The Life and Death of a Southern Appalachian Community, 1818–1937 (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1988). Margaret Lynn Brown also discusses the effects of the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) and the Fontana Dam in The Wild East: A Biography of the Great Smoky Mountains (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 2000). For more on how the Blue Ridge Parkway affected local communities, see Anne Mitchell Whisnant, Super-Scenic Motorway: A Blue Ridge Parkway History (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006). In The New South's New Frontier, Stephen W. Taylor explains the complexity of local residents’ relationships with TVA projects, see Taylor, The New South's New Frontier: A Social History of Economic Development in Southwestern North Carolina (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2001). Also see Kathryn Newfont, Blue Ridge Commons: Environmental Activism and Forest History in Western North Carolina (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2012). 4 For more on how postwar changes in America’s hinterlands affected environmental politics in the United States, see Adam Rome, Bulldozer in the Countryside : Suburban Sprawl and the Rise of American Environmentalism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001); Hal K. Rothman, The Greening of a Nation? Environmentalism in the United States since 1945 (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1998); Thomas Wellock, Preserving the Nation: The Conservation and Environmental Movements , 1870–2000 (Wheeling, IL: Harlan Davidson, 2007); Samuel P. Hays, Beauty, Health, and Permanence: Environmental Politics in the United States, 1955–1985 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987). 5 This characterization of “old” conservation issues versus “new” environmental problems was presented by Samuel Hays in Beauty, Health, and Permanence. Also see Hays, A History of Environmental Politics since 1945 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2000). Hays’s distinction between the early conservation movement and the modern environmental movement has been challenged by historians such as Robert Gottlieb who argue that Progressive reformers such as Benton MacKaye were interested not only in the conservation...